Pharmacognosy - 4

Front 1

List the different plant families.

Back 1

Apocynacae

Solanceae,

Rutaceae,

Umbelliferae,
Leguminosae,

Rubiaceae,

Liliceae,

Labiatae

Papaveraceae.

Front 2

Apocynaceae - habit

Back 2

These are mostly twining or erect shrubs and lianes, a few herbs and trees with latex. Bicollateral bundles or internal phloem often present.

Front 3

Apocynaceae - Leaves

Back 3

Simple, opposite or whorled. Rarely alternate.

Front 4

Apocynaceae - Flowers

Back 4

Regular, bisexual and hypogynous, in cymes. Salver or funnel shaped, often with corona

Front 5

Apocynaceae -Calyx

Back 5

Five sepals, rarely 4. Gamopetalous. United at base.

Front 6

Apocynaceae -Corolla

Back 6

Five petals, rarely four. Gamopetalous and twisted.

Front 7

Apocynaceae - Androecium

Back 7

There are five stamens, rarely four. They are epipetalous, alternating with the petals, included
within the corolla tube. The anthers usually connate around the stigma and apparently adnate to it. The disc is ring like or glandular.

Front 8

Apocynaceae - Gynecium

Back 8

The carpels are two or (2), apocarpous
or syncarpous, superior. When apocarpous, each ovary is one-celled with marginal placentation, and when syncarpous the ovary may be one celled with parietal placentation, or two celled with axile placentation. There are 2-∞ ovules in each.

Front 9

Apocynaceae - Fruits

Back 9

Pair of follicles, barries or drupes

Front 10

Apocynaceae - Seeds

Back 10

Have a crown of long, silky hair. Have endosperm.

Front 11

Apocynaceae - Floral Formula

Back 11

-

Front 12

Labiatae - Habit

Back 12

Herbs and undershrubs with square stems.

Front 13

Labiatae - Leaves

Back 13

Simple, opposite or whorled, exstipulate and have oil glands

Front 14

Labiatae - Flowers

Back 14

Zygomorphic, bilabiate, hypogynous and bisexual

Front 15

Labiatae - Inflorescence

Back 15

Verticillaster. Often reduced to a true cyme, e.g. Tulsi.

Front 16

Labiatae - Calyx

Back 16

Five petals, gamopet, bilabiate. Aestivation is imbricate

Front 17

Labiatae - Androecium

Back 17

Stames are four and didynamous. Sometimes two e.g. sage

Epipetalous

Front 18

Labiatae - Gynoecium

Back 18

Two carpels. Syncarpous. Prominent disct. Four lobed ovary and 4-celled, one ovule in each cell, ascending from base of ovary. Gynobasic style i.e. develops from depressed centre of lobed ovary. Stigma is bifid.

Front 19

Labiatae - Fruit

Back 19

Group of four nutlets, each with 1 seed. Scanty endosperm or none

Front 20

Labiatae - Floral Formula

Back 20

-

Front 21

Leguminosae Family subdivisions

Back 21

Papilionaceae, caesalpin-
ieae and mimoseae

Front 22

LEGUMINOSAE - Habits

Back 22

Herbs, shrubs, trees, twiners or climbers

Front 23

LEGUMINOSAE - Roots

Back 23

May have tubercles (Papillionaceae)

Front 24

LEGUMINOSAE - Leaves

Back 24

Alternate, pinnately compound and rarely simple. Two, usually free, stipules.

Front 25

LEGUMINOSAE - Flowers

Back 25

Bisexual and complete, regular or zygomorphic or irregular and hypogynous or slightly perigynous

Front 26

LEGUMINOSAE - Calyx

Back 26

Usually 5 or (5) sepals w/ odd one anterior(away from axis). Sometimes 4 sepals. May be united or free.

Front 27

LEGUMINOSAE - Corolla

Back 27

Usually 5 petals, with odd one posterior(towards axis). Four petals, free or united.

Front 28

LEGUMINOSAE - Androecium

Back 28

10 or more stamens, free or united

Front 29

LEGUMINOSAE - Gynoecium

Back 29

One carpel. One celled ovary with one to many ovules. Superior and placentation is amrginal.

Ovary often borne on a stalk called stipe.

Front 30

LEGUMINOSAE - Fruit

Back 30

Mostly a legume or pod or sometimes a lomentum.

Front 31

Papilionaceae - Habits

Back 31

Herbs, shrubs, trees and climbers

Front 32

Papilionaceae - Leaves

Back 32

Unipinnate, sometimes trifoliate.

Stiples often present

Front 33

Papilionaceae - Inflorescence

Back 33

Raceme

Front 34

Papilionaceae - Flowers

Back 34

Zygomorphic

Polypetalous

Papilionaceous

Front 35

Papilionaceae - Calyx

Back 35

Usually five sepals

Gamosepalous

Often imbricate

sometimes valvate

Front 36

Papilionaceae - Corolla

Back 36

Five petals, free, of unequal sizes.

Posterior - Largest, vexillum or standard

Lateral - Wings or alae

Innermost - United, keel or karina

Aestivation vexillary

Front 37

Papilionaceae - Androecium

Back 37

Stamens 10

Diadelphous (9) + 1

Rarely 10, free as in coral tree

or (10) as in rattlewort

Front 38

Papilionaceae - Floral Formula

Back 38

-

Front 39

Caesalpinieae - Habit

Back 39

Shrubs, trees, climbers herbs

Front 40

Caesalpinieae-Leaves

Back 40

Unipinnate or bipinn.

Stipels absent

Front 41

Caesalpinieae - Inflorescence

Back 41

Raceme

Front 42

Caesalpinieae - Flowers

Back 42

Zygomorphic or irregular and polypetalous

Front 43

Caesalpinieae - Calyx

Back 43

Five, polysepalous, imbricate

Front 44

Caesalpinieae - Corolla

Back 44

Five petals, free, subequal or unequal

Aestiavtion imbricate

Front 45

Caesalpinieae - Androecium

Back 45

Ten stamens, or less by reduction; free.

Front 46

Caesalpinieae - Floral Formula

Back 46

-

Front 47

Mimoseae - Habit

Back 47

Shrubs and trees, soemtimes herbs and woody climbers

Front 48

Mimoseae - Leaves

Back 48

Bipinnate; stipels present or absent

Front 49

Mimoseae - Inflorescence

Back 49

Head or spike

Front 50

Mimoseae - Flowers

Back 50

Regular, often small and aggregated ins pherical heads

Front 51

Mimoseae - Calyx

Back 51

(5) or (4) sepals, gamosepalous, valvate

Front 52

Mimoseae - Corolla

Back 52

(5) or (4) petals, gamopetalous

Aestivation valvate

Front 53

Mimoseae - Androecium

Back 53

Usually idefinite stamens, sometimes 10, free, often united at the base; pollen often united in small masses

Front 54

Mimoseae - Floral Formula

Back 54

-

Front 55

Liliaceae - Habit

Back 55

Herbs and climbers, rarely shrubs or trees

Front 56

Liliaceae - Leaves

Back 56

Simple, radical or cauline or both

Front 57

Liliaceae - Flowers

Back 57

Regular, bisexual. Trimerous and hypogynous. Bracts are small and scarious (thin, dry and membranous)

Front 58

Liliaceae- Inflorescence

Back 58

Spike, raceme, panicle or umbel

Front 59

Liliaceae - Perianth

Back 59

Perianths are petaloid. Usually 6 in 2 whorls.

3+3 and free [ polyphllous]

or 3+3 and united [ gamophyllous ]

Front 60

Liliaceae - Androecium

Back 60

Six stames in 2 whorls, 3+3, rarely free or united with perianth

Front 61

Liliaceae - Gynoecium

Back 61

(3) carpels [ syncarpous ].

Superior, 3-celled ovary

USually indef ovules in 2 rows in each loculus. Placentation is axile

Front 62

Liliaceae - Fruit

Back 62

Berry or capsule

Front 63

Liliaceae - Seeds

Back 63

Albuminous

Front 64

Lilaeceae - Floral Formula

Back 64

-

Front 65

PAPAVERACEAE - Habit

Back 65

Herbs with milky or yellowish latex

Front 66

PAPAVERACEAE - Leaves

Back 66

Radical and cauline, simple and alternate, often lobed

Front 67

PAPAVERACEAE - Flowers

Back 67

Solitary, often showy, regular, bisexual and hypogynous

Front 68

PAPAVERACEAE- Calyx

Back 68

Sepals are typically 2, ~3, free, caducous

Front 69

PAPAVERACEAE-Corolla

Back 69

2+2 or 3+3 arranged in 2 whorls, large, free, rolled or crumpled in bud, caducous and imbricate

Front 70

PAPAVERACEAE-Androecium

Back 70

Stamens, sometimes 2 or 4. Free

Front 71

PAPAVERACEAE-Gynoecium

Back 71

The carpels (2- ∞), (4–6) in argemone ? . It
is syncarpous. The ovary is superior, 1-chambered, or
spuriously 2- to 4-chambered, with 2-∞ parietal placentae which may project inwards, as in poppy (papaver).
The stigmas are distinct or sessile and rayed over the ovary, as in poppy. The ovules are numerous.

Front 72

PAPAVERACEAE-Fruits

Back 72

This is a septicidal capsule dehiscing by or opening by pores. There are many seeds, with oily endosperm.

Front 73

PAPAVERACEAE - Floral formula

Back 73

-

Front 74

Rubiaceae - Habit

Back 74

Herbs [ erect or prostrate ] , shrubs, trees and climbers. Sometimes thorny.

Front 75

Rubiaceae-Leaves

Back 75

Simple, entire, opposite or whorled, with interpetiolar stipules

Front 76

Rubiaceae-Flowers

Back 76

Regular, bisexual epigynous, sometimes dimorphic e.g. sp. of randia

Front 77

Rubiaceae-Inflorescence

Back 77

typically cymose, freq. dichasial and branched

Front 78

Rubiaceae-Calyx

Back 78

4 sepals, ~5. Gamosepalous. Calyx tube adnates to ovary

Front 79

Rubiaceae-Corolla

Back 79

Usually 4. ~5 petals. Gamopetalous.

Aestivation valvate, imbricate or twisted

Front 80

Rubiaceae-Androecium

Back 80

Epipetalous, inserted within or at the mouth of the corolla tube, alternating with corolla lobes

Front 81

Rubiaceae-Gynoecium

Back 81

The carpels are two, syncarpous. The ovary
is inferior, commonly two-locular, with 1-∞ ovules in each. The disc is usually annular, at the base of the style

Front 82

Rubiaceae-Fruit

Back 82

Berry, drupe or capsule

Front 83

Rubiaceae-Seeds

Back 83

Fleshy or horny endosperm

Front 84

Rubiaceae - Floral formula

Back 84

-

Front 85

Rutaceae - Habit

Back 85

Shrubs and trees

Front 86

Rutaceae - Leaves

Back 86

Simple or compound, alternate or rarely opposite and gland dotted

Front 87

Rutaceae - Flowers

Back 87

Regular, bisexual and hypogynous.

Front 88

Rutaecae - Calyx

Back 88

Four or five sepals free or connate below and imbricate

Front 89

Rutaceae-Corolla

Back 89

Petals four or five, free, imbricate

Front 90

Rutaceae-Androecium

Back 90

The number of stamens varies, they can ?
be as many, or more often twice, as many, as the petals (obdiplostemonous), or numerous, as in citrus and aegle.
They are free or united in irregular bundles (polyadel-phous), and inserted on the disc.

Front 91

Rutaceae-Gynoecium

Back 91

There are generally (4) or (5) carpels, or ∞,
as in citrus. They are syncarpous or free at the base and united above, and either sessile or seated on the disc. The ovary is generally four- or five-locular, or multilocular as in citrus, with axile placentation (parietal in limonia only). There are usually 2-∞ (rarely 1) ovules in each loculus, arranged in two rows.

Front 92

Rutaceae-Fruit

Back 92

Berry, capsule or hesperidium

Front 93

Rutaceae-Seeds

Back 93

May or may not have an endosperm. Polyembryony is frequent in Citrus e.g. Lemon and orange

Front 94

Rutaceae-Floral Formula

Back 94

-

Front 95

Solanaceae-Habit

Back 95

Herbs and shrubs; bicollateral bundles or internal phloem are often present

Front 96

Solanaceae-Leaves

Back 96

Simple, sometimes pinnate as in tomato and alternate

Front 97

Solanaceae-Flowers

Back 97

These are regular, seldom zygomorphic, as in
Brunfelsia, bisexual and hypogynous.

Front 98

Solanaceae-Calyx

Back 98

Sepals are (5), united and persistent

Front 99

Solanaceae-Corolla

Back 99

Petals are (5) and united. Usually funnel or cup shaped, five lobed. Valvate lobes or twisted in the bud

Front 100

Solanaceae-Androecium

Back 100

The stamens are five, epipetalous and alter- ?
nate with the corolla lobes. The anthers are apparently
connate and often open by means of pores

Front 101

Solanaceae-Gynoecium

Back 101

The carpels are (2) and syncarpous. The
ovary is superior and obliquely placed. It is two celled or sometimes four celled, owing to the development of a false septum, as in tomato and thorn apple. There are many ovules in each chamber. The placentation is axile.

Front 102

Solanaceae-Fruit

Back 102

Berry or capsule with many seeds

Front 103

Solanaceae-Floral Formula

Back 103

-

Front 104

Umbelliferae-Habit

Back 104

Herbs [rarely shrubs]. Stem is fistular

Front 105

Umbelliferae-Leaves

Back 105

Alternate, simple, often much divided, sometimes decompount,; petiole usually sheathing at the base

Front 106

Umbelliferae-Flowers

Back 106

Regular or ~zygomorphic, epigynous, bisexual or polygamous. Outer flowers are ~rayed; mostly protandrous. Bracts are in form of involucre

Front 107

Umbelliferae-Inflorescence

Back 107

Umbel, usually compound or in a few cases simple as in centella

Front 108

Umbelliferae-Calyx

Back 108

Five sepals. Free, adnate to ovary.

Front 109

Umbelliferae-Corolla

Back 109

he petals are five, rarely absent, free, adnate to ?
the ovary and sometimes unequal. The margin is often
curved inwards, valvate or imbricate.

Front 110

Umbelliferae-Androecium

Back 110

There are five stamens, which are free,
alternating with the petals, epigynous. The filaments are bent inwards in the bud; anthers introrse.

Front 111

Umbelliferae-Gynoecium

Back 111

The carpels are two, syncarpous. The ovary
is inferior, two-celled, antero-posterior, crowned by a two-lobed, epigynous disc (stylopodium), with two free styles arising from it. The stigmas capitate. There are two ovules, solitary in each cell and pendulous

Front 112

Umbelliferae-Fruit

Back 112

The fruit is a cremocarp consisting of two inde- hiscent carpels laterally or dorsally compressed, breaking up into two parts, called mericarps, which are attached to a slender, often forked axis (carpophore). Each mericarp usually shows five longitudinal ridges and oil canals (vittae) in the furrows.

Front 113

Umbelliferae-Seeds

Back 113

There are two seeds, one in each mericarp; ?
albuminous.

Front 114

Umbelliferae-Floral Formula

Back 114

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