Pharmacognosy

Front 1

Father of pharmaceutical compounding

Back 1

Galen

Front 2

Drug preparation from natural sources

Back 2

Galenicals

Front 3

Writings on animal kingdom

Back 3

Aristotle

Front 4

Father of medicine

Back 4

Hippocrates

Front 5

Continuous extraction process

Back 5

Percolation

Front 6

De materia medica(contains aloe, nightshade, crocus, ergot and opium)

Back 6

Dioscorides

Front 7

Coined pharmacognosy in Analetica Pharmacognistica

Back 7

Seydler

Front 8

Surgeries

Back 8

Sushruta samhita

Front 9

Soaking for long periods

Back 9

Maceration

Front 10

Mastery of human anatomy

Back 10

Embalming

Front 11

Soaking in hot water

Back 11

Infusion

Front 12

Chief principles/ constituents of crude drugs that are separated and used in a specific manner

Back 12

Derivatives/Extractives

Front 13

First to use pharmacognosy in Lehr Buch de Materia Medica

Back 13

Schidmt

Front 14

700 drugs

Back 14

Papyrus ebers

Front 15

Separation of volatile substances

Back 15

Distillation

Front 16

Boiling

Back 16

Decoction

Front 17

2 maceration

Back 17

Menstruum and marc

Front 18

Solid

Back 18

Marc

Front 19

Liquid

Back 19

Menstruum

Front 20

60c , 15-20mins

Back 20

Digestion

Front 21

Whole plant and their parts and animals and their excised organs

Back 21

Natural substance

Front 22

Drug

Back 22

Pharmakon

Front 23

To acquire knowledge of discipline related to medicinal plants

Back 23

Gignosko

Front 24

250 med plants 120minerals, crude drugs

Back 24

Codex hammurabi

Front 25

Made clay models of the humans

Back 25

Babylonian

Front 26

Science of life, mother of all healing arts

Back 26

Ayurveda

Front 27

Internal medicine, etiology, treatment and symptoms

Back 27

Charaka samhita

Front 28

Surgeries

Back 28

Sushruta samhita

Front 29

Soaking in hot water

Back 29

Infusion

Front 30

Soaking for long periods

Back 30

Maceration

Front 31

2 maceration

Back 31

Menstruum and marc

Front 32

Liquid

Back 32

Menstruum

Front 33

Solid

Back 33

Marc

Front 34

60c , 15-20mins

Back 34

Digestion

Front 35

Boiling

Back 35

Decoction

Front 36

Presented the most comprehensive idea of pharmacognosy

Back 36

Fluckiger

Front 37

It is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view

Back 37

Fluckiger

Front 38

Citric acid

Back 38

Scheele

Front 39

Cinchona alkaloids, Stychine

Back 39

Palletier and Caventou

Front 40

More dilute the more potent

Back 40

Homeopathy

Front 41

Opium

Back 41

Sertuner

Front 42

Vegetable or animal drug consisting of natural substances that had only undergone collection and drying

Back 42

Crude drugs

Front 43

Separation of volatile substances

Back 43

Distillation

Front 44

Continuous extraction process

Back 44

Percolation

Front 45

Coined pharmacognosy in Analetica Pharmacognistica

Back 45

Seydler

Front 46

700 drugs

Back 46

Papyrus ebers

Front 47

First to use pharmacognosy in Lehr Buch de Materia Medica

Back 47

Schidmt

Front 48

Plants growing in their native countries

Back 48

Indigenous plants

Front 49

Plants growing in non-native contries

Back 49

Naturalized plants

Front 50

Refers to where particular plant is typically sourced

Back 50

Geographical sourve

Front 51

Refers to which plant a particular constituents is extracted from

Back 51

Commerical origin

Front 52

Initial gathering of knowledge

Back 52

Collection

Front 53

Makes sure of the best source of drug

Back 53

Collection

Front 54

e.g. Japanese peppermint is best source of menthol

Back 54

Collection

Front 55

Large scale collection

Back 55

Harvesting

Front 56

Manual (e.g. Plant exudates) vs. Mechanical (fast)

Back 56

Harvesting

Front 57

De materia medica(contains aloe, nightshade, crocus, ergot and opium)

Back 57

Dioscorides

Front 58

e.g. morphine latex collection done after floweing

Back 58

Harvesting

Front 59

Removal of moisture

Back 59

Drying

Front 60

Consider both temperature and airflow

Back 60

Drying

Front 61

Prevent bacterial, fungal and enzymatic degradation

Back 61

Drying

Front 62

Fixes constituents

Back 62

Drying

Front 63

Facilitate grinding and milling

Back 63

Drying

Front 64

Convert the crude drug to more convenient form

Back 64

Drying

Front 65

Special drying process to enhance properties of crude drug ex. Cascara Sagrada Bark

Back 65

Curing

Front 66

Cascara Sagrada Bark + Magnesium oxide for 1 year - oxidized, less irritating

Back 66

🥹

Front 67

(Sweating) pods in sun during at day, wrap in cloth during at night

Back 67

Vanilla

Front 68

Father of medicine

Back 68

Hippocrates

Front 69

Remove extraneous matter/ unnecessary matter

Back 69

Garbling

Front 70

Finals step in prep of drugs

Back 70

Garbling

Front 71

Protection, marketability

Back 71

Packaging, storage and

Front 72

Protection from insect:

A. Exposure to 65celcius degrees

B. Fume eith methyl Bromide

C. Add drop of chloroform/CCl4

Back 72

Preservation

Front 73

Writings on animal kingdom

Back 73

Aristotle

Front 74

Father of pharmaceutical compounding

Back 74

Galen

Front 75

Drug preparation from natural sources

Back 75

Galenicals

Front 76

Mastery of human anatomy

Back 76

Embalming

Front 77

Whole plant and their parts and animals and their excised organs

Back 77

Natural substance

Front 78

Chief principles/ constituents of crude drugs that are separated and used in a specific manner

Back 78

Derivatives/Extractives

Front 79

Practice of replacing crude drug in whole or in part with similar-looking substance which have less or no therapeutic effect

Back 79

Adulteration

Front 80

Sense organ to evaluate macroscopic properties

Ex. Senna (emerald green-high grade senna)

Back 80

Organoleptic

Front 81

Inspection of histological characteristics

Ex. Starch Granules; Trichomes

Back 81

Microscopic

Front 82

Determine physical properties

Ex. Melting point, Boiling point, Optical activity, Refractive index, Solubility

Back 82

Physical

Front 83

Assay of actives, best method of determining potency

Back 83

Chemical

Front 84

Bioassay: use if living organisms to test effects of drugs

Back 84

Pharmacologic

Front 85

Rooster

Back 85

Oxytocin

Front 86

Pigeon

Back 86

Digitalis

Front 87

Cat

Back 87

Atropine, glucagon

Front 88

Dog

Back 88

Parathyroid hormone

Front 89

Sheep

Back 89

Heparin

Front 90

Intentional

Back 90

Sophistication

Front 91

Rabbit

Back 91

Insulin

Front 92

Head droptest

Back 92

Curare

Front 93

Suitable for quick reference but there’s no interrelationship between the drugs replacing together

Back 93

Alphabetical

Front 94

Arranges without ambiguity but disregards biological activity/ chemical composition

Back 94

Taxonomic

Front 95

Convenient, based on the plant part used but disregard activity/ composition

Back 95

Morphological

Front 96

Practical, but does not account for one constituent having many effects

Back 96

Pharmacological/Therapeutic

Front 97

Preferred: based on chemical structure of the constituents

Back 97

Chemical/Biogenic

Front 98

Only in some forms of life

Back 98

Secondary metabolism

Front 99

Secondary metabolism A.K.A

Back 99

drug biosynthesis/ drug biogenesis

Front 100

Most active constituents are products of secondary metabolism

Back 100

Secondary Metabolism

Front 101

Unintentional

Back 101

Admixture

Front 102

Constituent responsible for therapeutic effect

Back 102

Pharmacologically active

Front 103

Constituents causes physical chemical changes to crude drug preparation

Back 103

Pharmaceutically active

Front 104

Light Reaction -creates NADPH, ATO

release O2

Back 104

Photosynthesis

Front 105

Dark Reactions

Trap CO2

Make glucose molecule

Back 105

Calvin cycle

Front 106

Calvin cycle

Back 106

RuBisCO

C3

C4

CAM

Front 107

6CO2 + 6H2O—> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Back 107

🍏

Front 108

RuBisCO

Back 108

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, oxygenase

Front 109

Oxygenase RuBisCO

Back 109

Photorespiration

Front 110

Carboxylase RuBisCO

Back 110

Dark

Front 111

No special features to avoid photorespiration

Back 111

C3

Front 112

Entire replacement

Back 112

Substitution

Front 113

Fix CO2 and perform dark reaction in separate cell types( transfer CO2 as malate)

Back 113

C4

Front 114

CAM

Back 114

Crassulacean acid metabolism

Front 115

Separate CO2 fixation and Dark reaction by time ( CO2 fixation at night, transfer CO2 as Oxaloacetate)

Back 115

CAM

Front 116

First discovered exist in young growing stems and roots; growth and flowering

Back 116

Auxin

Front 117

In leaves, immature seeds; lengthening and maturity

Back 117

Gibberellin

Front 118

Promotes cell division; delays senesense

Back 118

Cytokinin

Front 119

Induced dormancy in seeds, buds; inhibits growth

Back 119

Abscisic acid

Front 120

Fruit ripening, root hair growth

Back 120

Ethylene

Front 121

Building block : (5Carbon) isopentyl phosphate

Products : terpenoids

(10carbon)- geranyl Phosphate

(15carbon)-famesyl Phosphate

(30carbon) a squalene

Rate limiting: HMG CoA reductase

Back 121

Melavonic acid

Front 122

Monoterpenes 2units (10c)

Sesquiterpenes 3units (15c)

Diterpenes 4 (20c)

Sesterterpens 5(25c)

Triterpenes 6(30c)

Tetraterpenes 8(40c)

Back 122

Terpenoids

Front 123

Impaired of quality doing preparation

Back 123

Deterioration

Front 124

Volatile oil

Artemisin

paclitaxol

-

Steroids

Lyospene

Back 124

?

Front 125

Alt: methylerthritol 4-p

Rate limiting: deoxyxylose 5-p reductiomerase

Back 125

Isopentanyl pp

Front 126

Development

Ex. Marijuana Plant(cannabis: cannabinol-mature and cannabidiol-young)

Back 126

Ontogeny

Front 127

Ex. Catharanthus: soil determines flower color

Back 127

Environment

Front 128

Ex. Japanese peppermint has increase mentol concentration

Back 128

Genetics

Front 129

Deterioration due to bacteria/ fungi

Back 129

Spoilage

Front 130

Active is below in minimum standard

Back 130

Inferiority

Front 131

•Determine a drug's identity, purity, and quality by qualitative and quantitative tests

Back 131

Evaluation of Crude drug

Front 132

Intrinsic property

Back 132

Qualitative

Front 133

Amounts

Back 133

Qualitative

Front 134

Practice of replacing crude drug in whole or in part with similar-looking substance which have less or no therapeutic effect

Back 134

Adulteration

Front 135

Sense organ to evaluate macroscopic properties

Ex. Senna (emerald green-high grade senna)

Back 135

Organoleptic

Front 136

Inspection of histological characteristics

Ex. Starch Granules; Trichomes

Back 136

Microscopic

Front 137

Determine physical properties

Ex. Melting point, Boiling point, Optical activity, Refractive index, Solubility

Back 137

Physical

Front 138

Assay of actives, best method of determining potency

Back 138

Chemical

Front 139

Bioassay: use if living organisms to test effects of drugs

Back 139

Pharmacologic

Front 140

Rooster

Back 140

Oxytocin

Front 141

Pigeon

Back 141

Digitalis

Front 142

Cat

Back 142

Atropine, glucagon

Front 143

Dog

Back 143

Parathyroid hormone

Front 144

Sheep

Back 144

Heparin

Front 145

Intentional

Back 145

Sophistication

Front 146

Rabbit

Back 146

Insulin

Front 147

Head droptest

Back 147

Curare

Front 148

Suitable for quick reference but there’s no interrelationship between the drugs replacing together

Back 148

Alphabetical

Front 149

Arranges without ambiguity but disregards biological activity/ chemical composition

Back 149

Taxonomic

Front 150

Convenient, based on the plant part used but disregard activity/ composition

Back 150

Morphological

Front 151

Practical, but does not account for one constituent having many effects

Back 151

Pharmacological/Therapeutic

Front 152

Preferred: based on chemical structure of the constituents

Back 152

Chemical/Biogenic

Front 153

Only in some forms of life

Back 153

Secondary metabolism

Front 154

Secondary metabolism A.K.A

Back 154

drug biosynthesis/ drug biogenesis

Front 155

Most active constituents are products of secondary metabolism

Back 155

Secondary Metabolism

Front 156

Unintentional

Back 156

Admixture

Front 157

Constituent responsible for therapeutic effect

Back 157

Pharmacologically active

Front 158

Constituents causes physical chemical changes to crude drug preparation

Back 158

Pharmaceutically active

Front 159

Light Reaction -creates NADPH, ATO

release O2

Back 159

Photosynthesis

Front 160

Dark Reactions

Trap CO2

Make glucose molecule

Back 160

Calvin cycle

Front 161

Calvin cycle

Back 161

RuBisCO

C3

C4

CAM

Front 162

6CO2 + 6H2O—> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Back 162

🍏

Front 163

RuBisCO

Back 163

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, oxygenase

Front 164

Oxygenase RuBisCO

Back 164

Photorespiration

Front 165

Carboxylase RuBisCO

Back 165

Dark

Front 166

No special features to avoid photorespiration

Back 166

C3

Front 167

Entire replacement

Back 167

Substitution

Front 168

Fix CO2 and perform dark reaction in separate cell types( transfer CO2 as malate)

Back 168

C4

Front 169

CAM

Back 169

Crassulacean acid metabolism

Front 170

Separate CO2 fixation and Dark reaction by time ( CO2 fixation at night, transfer CO2 as Oxaloacetate)

Back 170

CAM

Front 171

First discovered exist in young growing stems and roots; growth and flowering

Back 171

Auxin

Front 172

In leaves, immature seeds; lengthening and maturity

Back 172

Gibberellin

Front 173

Promotes cell division; delays senesense

Back 173

Cytokinin

Front 174

Induced dormancy in seeds, buds; inhibits growth

Back 174

Abscisic acid

Front 175

Fruit ripening, root hair growth

Back 175

Ethylene

Front 176

Building block : (5Carbon) isopentyl phosphate

Products : terpenoids

(10carbon)- geranyl Phosphate

(15carbon)-famesyl Phosphate

(30carbon) a squalene

Rate limiting: HMG CoA reductase

Back 176

Melavonic acid

Front 177

Monoterpenes 2units (10c)

Sesquiterpenes 3units (15c)

Diterpenes 4 (20c)

Sesterterpens 5(25c)

Triterpenes 6(30c)

Tetraterpenes 8(40c)

Back 177

Terpenoids

Front 178

Impaired of quality doing preparation

Back 178

Deterioration

Front 179

Volatile oil

Artemisin

paclitaxol

-

Steroids

Lyospene

Back 179

?

Front 180

Alt: methylerthritol 4-p

Rate limiting: deoxyxylose 5-p reductiomerase

Back 180

Isopentanyl pp

Front 181

Development

Ex. Marijuana Plant(cannabis: cannabinol-mature and cannabidiol-young)

Back 181

Ontogeny

Front 182

Ex. Catharanthus: soil determines flower color

Back 182

Environment

Front 183

Ex. Japanese peppermint has increase mentol concentration

Back 183

Genetics

Front 184

Deterioration due to bacteria/ fungi

Back 184

Spoilage

Front 185

Active is below in minimum standard

Back 185

Inferiority

Front 186

•Determine a drug's identity, purity, and quality by qualitative and quantitative tests

Back 186

Evaluation of Crude drug

Front 187

Intrinsic property

Back 187

Qualitative

Front 188

Amounts

Back 188

Qualitative

Front 189

Practice of replacing crude drug in whole or in part with similar-looking substance which have less or no therapeutic effect

Back 189

Adulteration

Front 190

Sense organ to evaluate macroscopic properties

Ex. Senna (emerald green-high grade senna)

Back 190

Organoleptic

Front 191

Inspection of histological characteristics

Ex. Starch Granules; Trichomes

Back 191

Microscopic

Front 192

Determine physical properties

Ex. Melting point, Boiling point, Optical activity, Refractive index, Solubility

Back 192

Physical

Front 193

Assay of actives, best method of determining potency

Back 193

Chemical

Front 194

Bioassay: use if living organisms to test effects of drugs

Back 194

Pharmacologic

Front 195

Rooster

Back 195

Oxytocin

Front 196

Pigeon

Back 196

Digitalis

Front 197

Cat

Back 197

Atropine, glucagon

Front 198

Dog

Back 198

Parathyroid hormone

Front 199

Sheep

Back 199

Heparin

Front 200

Intentional

Back 200

Sophistication

Front 201

Rabbit

Back 201

Insulin

Front 202

Head droptest

Back 202

Curare

Front 203

Suitable for quick reference but there’s no interrelationship between the drugs replacing together

Back 203

Alphabetical

Front 204

Arranges without ambiguity but disregards biological activity/ chemical composition

Back 204

Taxonomic

Front 205

Convenient, based on the plant part used but disregard activity/ composition

Back 205

Morphological

Front 206

Practical, but does not account for one constituent having many effects

Back 206

Pharmacological/Therapeutic

Front 207

Preferred: based on chemical structure of the constituents

Back 207

Chemical/Biogenic

Front 208

Only in some forms of life

Back 208

Secondary metabolism

Front 209

Secondary metabolism A.K.A

Back 209

drug biosynthesis/ drug biogenesis

Front 210

Most active constituents are products of secondary metabolism

Back 210

Secondary Metabolism

Front 211

Unintentional

Back 211

Admixture

Front 212

Constituent responsible for therapeutic effect

Back 212

Pharmacologically active

Front 213

Constituents causes physical chemical changes to crude drug preparation

Back 213

Pharmaceutically active

Front 214

Light Reaction -creates NADPH, ATO

release O2

Back 214

Photosynthesis

Front 215

Dark Reactions

Trap CO2

Make glucose molecule

Back 215

Calvin cycle

Front 216

Calvin cycle

Back 216

RuBisCO

C3

C4

CAM

Front 217

6CO2 + 6H2O—> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Back 217

🍏

Front 218

RuBisCO

Back 218

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, oxygenase

Front 219

Oxygenase RuBisCO

Back 219

Photorespiration

Front 220

Carboxylase RuBisCO

Back 220

Dark

Front 221

No special features to avoid photorespiration

Back 221

C3

Front 222

Entire replacement

Back 222

Substitution

Front 223

Fix CO2 and perform dark reaction in separate cell types( transfer CO2 as malate)

Back 223

C4

Front 224

CAM

Back 224

Crassulacean acid metabolism

Front 225

Separate CO2 fixation and Dark reaction by time ( CO2 fixation at night, transfer CO2 as Oxaloacetate)

Back 225

CAM

Front 226

First discovered exist in young growing stems and roots; growth and flowering

Back 226

Auxin

Front 227

In leaves, immature seeds; lengthening and maturity

Back 227

Gibberellin

Front 228

Promotes cell division; delays senesense

Back 228

Cytokinin

Front 229

Induced dormancy in seeds, buds; inhibits growth

Back 229

Abscisic acid

Front 230

Fruit ripening, root hair growth

Back 230

Ethylene

Front 231

Building block : (5Carbon) isopentyl phosphate

Products : terpenoids

(10carbon)- geranyl Phosphate

(15carbon)-famesyl Phosphate

(30carbon) a squalene

Rate limiting: HMG CoA reductase

Back 231

Melavonic acid

Front 232

Monoterpenes 2units (10c)

Sesquiterpenes 3units (15c)

Diterpenes 4 (20c)

Sesterterpens 5(25c)

Triterpenes 6(30c)

Tetraterpenes 8(40c)

Back 232

Terpenoids

Front 233

Impaired of quality doing preparation

Back 233

Deterioration

Front 234

Volatile oil

Artemisin

paclitaxol

-

Steroids

Lyospene

Back 234

?

Front 235

Alt: methylerthritol 4-p

Rate limiting: deoxyxylose 5-p reductiomerase

Back 235

Isopentanyl pp

Front 236

Development

Ex. Marijuana Plant(cannabis: cannabinol-mature and cannabidiol-young)

Back 236

Ontogeny

Front 237

Ex. Catharanthus: soil determines flower color

Back 237

Environment

Front 238

Ex. Japanese peppermint has increase mentol concentration

Back 238

Genetics

Front 239

Deterioration due to bacteria/ fungi

Back 239

Spoilage

Front 240

Active is below in minimum standard

Back 240

Inferiority

Front 241

•Determine a drug's identity, purity, and quality by qualitative and quantitative tests

Back 241

Evaluation of Crude drug

Front 242

Intrinsic property

Back 242

Qualitative

Front 243

Amounts

Back 243

Qualitative