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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pharmacology
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the study of drugs and their interactions in living systems
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Clinical pharmacology
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the study of drugs in humans
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Pharmacotherapeutics
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the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, o treat disease or to prevent pregnancy
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Absorption
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from site of administration to the blood stream
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distribution
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from the blood to the site of action
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metabolism
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enzymatic alteration of drug structure (primarily in liver)
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excretion
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removal of drug from the body (primary occurs in kidney)
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organs impacted by aminoglycodside antibiotics
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inner ear (ototoxicity) and kidneys (nephrotoxicity)
monitor serum creatinine, BUN, and urine leves |
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empiric antibiotic therapy
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treating BEFORE you know what is causing the infections
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Prophylaxis
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preventative treatment
used for surgery, bacteria endocarditis, neutropenia, recurren UTI, flu, rheumatic endocarditis, STDs |
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adverse effects of Vancomycin
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ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis, thrombocytopenia
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patient teaching for sulfonamide antibiotic
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take on empty stomach and with full glass of water, drink 8-10 glasses of water a day, avoid prolonged exposure to sun, complete the prescribed course of therapy, DO NOT take if pregnant or breat feeding or infants under 2 months, interacts with warafarin and phenytoin, inform of signs of blood disorders (sore throat, fever, pallor)
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beta 2 receptors
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dilates bronchi and blood vessels in heart, lung, and skeletal muscle, relaxes uterus, decrease GI mobility, dialtes pupils, glycogenolysis in liver
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neuromuscular agents
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uses: muscle relaxation during surgery, ET intubation, mechanical ventilation
SE= prolonged apnea, malignant hyperthermia, post-op mm pain, hyperkalemia |
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Terbutaline (brethine)
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asthma, bronchospasm (r/t bronchitis and emphysema), exercise-induced asthma, fetal distress, PRETERM LABOR
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opioid overdose
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Naloxone (Narcan), Methylnaltrexone (Relistor), Alvimopan (Entereg), Nalmefene (Revex), Naltrexone (ReVia, Depade)
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Analgesia
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loss of sensitivity of pain
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Anesthesia
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loss of general sensation to pain
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Lidocaine (xylocaine)
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use: local anesthesia, dysrhythmias
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therapeutic range for phynytoin (dilantin)
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10- 20 mcg
SE= gingival hyperplasia, CNS effects (sedation), rash, [fetus- cleft plate, heart malformations] |
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patient teaching for levadopa (dopar)
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avoid foods high protein and high in protein meals around the time of medication, sort protein out throughout the day
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Propofol (diprivan)
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use: induction and maintenance of anesthesia, antianxiety
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loop diuretics side effects
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dehydration, hypoantremia, hypochloremia, hypotension, hypokalemia, ototoxicity, hyperglycemia, hyperurecemia
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Thiazide diuretics side effects
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dehydration, hyponaturemia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperurecemia
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patient teaching for potassium sparing diuretics
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stay away from potassium (potassium supplements, salt substitutes, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, direct renin inihibitors) and foods high in K+ (bananas, meat, avocado)
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treatment for respiratory alkalosis
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breathing in own CO2 (with a bag) or inhale a gas mixture containing 5% CO2
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treatment for metabolic acidosis
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administer sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate (oral for mild, IV for severe)
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sodium
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135-145 mEq/L
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Potassium
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3.5-5 mEq/L
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Side effects of ACE Inhibitors
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cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema, first does hypotension
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Warfarin
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monitor PT (12 sec) and INR (2-4.5)
antidote: vitamin K |
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Heparin
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monitor aPTT (50 sec/ 60-80 sec)
antidote: protamine sulfate |
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digoxin (laoxin)
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monitor for fatigue, weakness, cough, difficulty breathing, JVD, edema, visual disturbances, HR must be above 60
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Calcium Channel Blockers
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use: atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, SVT
SE= bradycaria, AV block,HF, hypotension, perpheral edema, constipation |
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most effective med for cough
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CODEINE (opioid)
dextromethorphan (nonopioid) |
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Amphotericin B (antifungal)
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SE= headache, chills, nephrotoxicity, hypotension, anemia, rigors, decreased potassium and magnesium
Lab tests: kidney function tests, intake/outake, creatinine, potassium, hematocrit interventions: potassium supplements, monitor CNS, pretreatment with heparin, hydrocortisone may be used to treat feverand chills |
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tests to montior for zidovudine (AZT, retrovir)
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hematologic status (hemoglobin and neutrophil), complete blood count
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acylovir (zovirax)
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herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster infections (shingles, chicken pox)
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SE of high dose, long term glucocorticoid therapy
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adrenal sufficiency,cushing syndrome, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, fluid electrolyte imbalance
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levothyroxine (synthroid)
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all forms of hypothroidism, cretinish, myxedema coma, goiter
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drugs to treat peptic ulcer disease
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antibiotics [amoxicillin, peto-bismol, flagyl]
antisecretory agents [H2-receptor antagonists (pepcid, tagment, zantac), Proton Pump Inhibitors (prevacid, nexium, prilosec, protonix, aciphex), Muscarinic Antagonists (Gastrozepine)] Mucosal Protectan [Sucralfate] Antisecretory agent that enhances mucosal defenses [cytotec] antacids [aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide] anti-cholinergic [gastrozepine] |
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acute dystonia
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few hours- 5 days
mm spasms, opisthotonus, oculogyris crisis |
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akathisa
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5-60 days
compulsive restless movement, anxiety,and agitation |
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tardive dysinesia
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months-years
oral facial dyskinesia, choreoathetoid movements |
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MAOIs
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DONT eat foods high in tyramine-- yeast extracs, most cheeses, fermented sausages, aged fish or meat, wine
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adverse effects of bone marrow suppression/ interventions
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neutropenia (treat w/ neupogen)
anemia (treat w/ epogen) thrombocytopenia monitor for fever, teach patient about risk for infection, refuse direct contact w/ someone who hasn't washed their hands, AVIOD NSAIDS/ aspirin/ anticoagulants |
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anemia- activity intolerance
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have less oxygen in blood-- causes activity intolerance and fatigue
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stomatitis
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inflammation of the oral mucosa, develops a few days after the onset of chemo and can persist for 2 or more weeks after treatment is over
interventions: good oral hygiene, bland diet, for pain topical anesthetic/ antihistamine or systemic opioid |
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Alopecia
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reversible hair loss, begins 7-10 days of onset of treatment, becomes maximal by 1-2 months
intervention: forwarn patient so they will be prepared |
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when to administer antiemetics?
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prior to chemo
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comination cancer chemo
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much more effective 3 advantages:
suppression of drug resistance, increase cancer kill, reduce injury to normal cells |
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intra-thecal chemo
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can cross BBB so is able to reach tumors in the CNS
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leucovorin
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when used with methotrexate will save the normal cells from the meth effects
SE= peripheral neuropathy |
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andogren effects on children's bones
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accelerate epiphyseal growth closure therby decreasing adult height-- take x-rays of hand and wrist every 6 months
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transdermal testosterone patches
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apply to upper arm, thigh, back, or abdomen. make sure skin is clean and dry (air dry) ROTATE sites daily
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long-term androgen therapy
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lowers HDL and elevates LDL... so increase risk of atherosclerosis
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nitrates w/ patients receiving viagra
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can cause excessive/ life-threatening hypotension
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finasteride (proscar)
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promotes progress of prostate epithelial tissue an decreases mechanical obstruction of urethra
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tamsulosin (flomax)
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relaxes smooth muscle in prostate capsule, prostatic urethra, and bladder neck, and decreases dynamic obstruction of the urethra
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major risk identified with HERS study
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increased risk for MI
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transdermal hormone replacement patches
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apply to an area of clean, dry, intact skin (on abdomen or someoher region below trunk NOT on breasts or waistline)
apply new patch once or twice weekly ROTATE the application site |
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estrogen therapy
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persistent vaginal bleeding could indicate endometrial carcinoma
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heavy smoking w/ oral contraceptives
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increase the risk of getting thromboembolism
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Nonoxynol 9 therapy
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increase the ristk of HIV transmission
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Mifepristone (RU 486 with misoprostol)
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administer within 7 weeks of conception
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Plan B
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administer 1 tablet within 72 hours of intercourse and the second 12 hours after
can still be effective with started 5 days after intercourse |
