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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the hypothalumus responsible for controllong?
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food/water intake
body temperature diurnal rhythms CV function |
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Where is the hypothalumus located?
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base of brain
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What are the hypothalamic-releasing hormones?
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Corticotropin releasing hormone
gonadotropin releasing hormone growth hormone releasing hormone thyrotropin releasing hormone somatostatin |
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What is the route of travel of the hypothalamic releasing hormone?
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from hypothalaumus to anterior pituitary by the portal hypophysial blood vessels
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What is the route of travel of oxytocin and vasopressin?
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from hypothalumus to posterior pituitary by the hypothalamophyophysial tract. Then released from the posterior lobe into the systemic circulation
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Where is oyxtocin and vasopressin synthesized?
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supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
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What am I: 9-amino acid peptide with an intrapeptide disulfide cross link
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oxytocin and vasopressin
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How many amino acids does oxytocin and vasopressin differ by?
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2
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What type of receptors are oxytocin receptors?
a. Gq b. ion channel gated c. Gs |
a. Gq
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What does the Gq receptor activate?
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PLC-IP3-Ca pathway
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What hormone increases prostaglandin production to mediate contraction of uterine smooth muscle cells and myoepithelial cells surroudning the mammary alveoli?
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oxytocin
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What is given to patients during their last trimester of pregnancy to stimulate uterine contractions (induce labor), stimulate milk ejection in lactating women, and used for postpartum hemorrhage?
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oxytocin
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What is the main stimulus of vasopressin release?
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plasma osmolality
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What stimulates the vasopressin release?
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plasma osmolality
reduction in blood volume reduction in arterial blood pressure |
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Where are V1 receptors located?
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on vascular smooth muscle cells
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Where are V2 receptors located?
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on renal tuble cells
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Which vasopressin receptors mediate vasoconstriciton?
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V1
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Which vasopressin receptors indirectly reduce diuresis through increased water permeability o f the collecting tubules?
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V2
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What am I: increase water resorption in collecting tubules of kidney and cause vasoconstriction
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vasopressin
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What am I: inserted into apical membrane of collecting duct cells when V1 receptor is activated by vasopressin
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aquaporin-2 protein
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What am I: long acting, synthetic analog of vasopressin
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desmopressin
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What receptor(s) does desmopressin act on?
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V2 - mainly
V1 - some |
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What is the treatment of choice for central diabetes insipidus?
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vasopressin and desmopressin
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What are the side effects of vasopressin and desmopressin?
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WATER INTOXIFICATION
peripheral vasoconstriction arrhythmias GI cramps headache |
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What happens when you have dysregulation of vasopressin synthesis or release?
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diabetes insipidus, symptoms of diabetes, SIADH, small cell carcinoma of lung
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What causes dysregulation of vasopressin synthesis or release?
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loss of vasopressin sensitivity
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What does diabetes insipidus lead to?
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inability to concentrate urine
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What type of diabetes am I: due to vasopressin deficiency from brain tumors, aneurysms, closed-head trauma, surgery
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cetnral (neurogenic)
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What type of diabetes am I: due to inadequate renal respons to vasopressin
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nephrogenic
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What are some causes of inadequeate renal response to vasopressin?
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congenital
acquired end stage renal failure side effect of drugs |
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What am I: receive signals from the hypothalumus by way of portal hypohysial blood supply
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anterior pituitary
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What am I: connected to hypothalumus by hypothalamophyophysial tract
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posterior pituitary
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Where are the target receptors of hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?
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receptors on endocrine glands
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What hormone does not have negative feedback?
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oxytocin
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Where do peripheral gland hormones feedback to?
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pituitary and hypothalamus
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Where do anterior pituitary hormones feedback to?
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hypothalamus
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What are the anterior pituitary hormones?
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adrenocorticotropic hormone
luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone growth hormone prolactin thyroid-stimulating hormone melanocyte stimulating hormone |
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What am I: dimerize with IGF-1 by binding to tyrosin kinase receptors of JAK/STAT cytokine receptor which leads to activation of intracellular tyrosine kinases that causes activation of intracellular signaling cascade leading to cellular responses
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growth hormone
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In what manner is growth hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary?
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pulsatile manner
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What are the stimulators of growth hormone?
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hypothalamic GHRH
dopamine and serotonin hypoglycemia, stress, exercise, sleep, ingestion of protein-rich food |
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What are inhibitor of growth hormone?
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somatostatin
IGF-1 FFAs GH-negative feedback |
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What does growth hormone release cause?
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increased protein synthesis
increased muscle mass increased calcium retention (stimulation of growth of long bones) stimulation of lipolysis in adipose tissue and gluconeogenisis in live |
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What is the primary mediator of the anabolic and growth-promoting effects of growth hormone?
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insulin-like grothw factor 1 (IGF-1)
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Where is IGF-1 produced?
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in the liver under the influence of GH
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What is the principle hormone responsible for lactation?
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prolactin
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Milk production is stimulated by prolactin when appropriate levels of what hormones are present?
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estrogen, progesterone, corticosteriods, and insulin
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What am I:
symptoms: born with average brith weight, but by age 3, height is below 3rd percentile Still retains normal proportionality between upper and lower body segments |
pituitary dwarfism - GH dificiency in children
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What are the causes of pituitary dwarfism?
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mutations of GHRH, GH genes, or GH receptor
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What are the symptoms of GH deficiency syndrome in adults?
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fatigue
osteoporosis reduced lean body mass |
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What am I:
used to treat GH deficiency in children and adults used to treat idiopathic short stature Used for anabolic effects in conditons associated with severe catabolic state (AIDS) |
recombinant human GH
somatropin or somatrem |
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What am I:
due to hypersecretion of GH in children and adolescents cause long bone growth |
gigantism
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What am I:
Due to hypersecretion of GH during adulthood Symptoms include growth of connective tissue, cartilage, and periostal growth; gradual coarsening of facial features; enlargement of hands, feet, and lower jaw; enlargement of heart, kidney, liver, and spleen; type 2 diabetes |
acromegaly
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What is the cause of acromegaly?
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GH-secreting pituitary adenomas
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What are the treatment options for acromegaly?
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surgical - trans-sphenoid resection
radiation therapy pharmacologic therapy |
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What hormones are you trying to decrease in acromegaly?
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GH and IGF-1
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What am I:
dopamine receptor agonist used to treat acromegaly |
bromocriptine
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What am I:
somatostatin analog used to treat acromegaly |
somatostatin and octreotide
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What am I:
GH receptor antagonist used to treat acromegaly |
pegvisomant
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What am I:
cause parodoxical decrease in GH production in patients with acromegaly dopamine agonist ergot derivative |
bromocriptine
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What are the side effects of bromocriptine?
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GI effects
CNS effect peripheral vasospasm |
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What am I:
a hormone that inhibits the release of GH, glucagon, insulin and gastrin |
somatostatin
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What am I:
an analog of somatostatin |
octeotide
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Where is somatostatin found?
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CNS
pancrease other sites in GI tract |
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What does octeotide inhibit more, GH release or insulin release?
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GH release
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What am I:
Do not block GH production Prevent GH from activating its receptor GH derivative |
pegvisomant
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What am I:
caused by prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas |
hyperprolactinemia
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Of all the hormonally active pituitar tumors, which one is most common?
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prolactinomas
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Is this hyperprolactinemia in men or women?
amenorrhea and galactorrhea |
women
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Is this hyperprolactinemia in men or women?
hypogonadism |
men
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What controls the inhibition of prolactin?
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dopamine
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What drug is used to treat hyperprolactinemia due to prolactinomas?
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bromocriptine
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How does bromocriptine normalize plasma levels of prolactin?
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it is a dopamine receptor agonst - dopamine inhibits prolactin release
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What drugs can induce hyperprolactinemia?
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dopamine antagonist
serotonin agonist antipsychotics antidepressants opiate verapamil |
