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83 Cards in this Set

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What is the normal range for chloride?
97-110 meq/L
What are the major causes of high chloride results?
dehydration
acidemia
What are the major causes of low chloride values?
NG suction
vomitting
serum dilution
alkalemia
What are the drugs that are often monitored with chloride serum test?
Diuretics
ACE inhibitors
aldosterone antagonist
angiotensin II antagonist
ADH analogs
What are the causes of false chloride readings?
Bromides
iodides
What are the normal lab values for serum bicarb?
22-30 meq/L
How is serum bicarb determined?
by acidifying serum to convert all bicarb present in sample to CO2 (bicarb = 95% of total CO2)
What are the major causes of abnormal bicarb values?
acid-base disorders
What is the normal lab value for BUN?
8-25 mg/dL
What does serum nitrogen concentration help to assess/monitor?
helps to assess/monitor hydration, renal function, protein tolerance, and catabolism
What does the concentration of nitrogen in the serum help to predict?
predicts the risk of uremic syndrome in patients with severe renal failure
What are the common causes of true BUN elevation (Azotemia)?
decreased renal perfusion (dehydration, blood loss, shock, severe HF)
acute kidney failure (nephrotoxic drugs, severe hypotension, tubular necrosis)
chronic kidney dysfunction (diabetes, pyelonephritis, renal tubular disease)
obstruction of the ureter, bladder neck, and/or urethra
What is the normal range for serum creatinine?
0.6-1.2 mg/dL
True or False: As serum creatinine values increases, renal function also increases.
False
serum creatinine and renal function have an inverse relationship
True or False: Normal serum creatinine values always indicates normal kidney function
False
normal serum creatinine values do not necessarily indicate normal kidney function
What is the normal lab values for glucose?
70-99 mg/dL
What are the critical values for glucose levels?
<50 mg/dL
>200 mg/dL
What are the major causes of hyperglycemia?
Diabetes mellitis, excess intake of glucose, steroids, thiazides, epinephrine
What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia?
polyuria, polydypsea, polyphagia, weakness
What organs can hyperglycemia damage?
kidney, retina, neurons, and vessels
What are the major causes of hypoglycemia? (5)
insulin secretion/dose excessive relative to diet
sulfonylureas or other hypoglycemic agents
insulinomas
What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?
hunger, sweating, weakness, trembling, HA, confusion, seizures, and coma
What are the drugs that are often monitored with a glucose test?
insulin, sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, TPN
What are the common causes of false (spurious) results in a glucose test?
high dose vit C with glucometers
metronidazoles with automated assays
What labs are in a complete metabolic panel (CMP)?
chem-7, calcium, total protein, liver tests
What is the normal range for albumin?
3.5-5 g/dL
What is teh critical value for albumin?
< 2.5 g/dL
What are the major causes of hyperalbuminemia?
dehydration and anabolic steroids
What are the major causes of hyperalbuminemia? (4)
decreased hepatic synthesis, malnutrition or malabsorption, protein losses, pregnancy, or chronic illness
What are the signs/symptoms of hypoalbuminemia?
edema, pulmonary edema, ascites (at levels < 2-2.5 g/dL)
What are the drugs that are often monitored with an albumin test?
TPN
What are the causes of spurious (false) elevated results of an albumin test?
ampicillin and heparin
What are the causes of spurious (false) lowered results of an albumin test?
supine patients and penicillin
What are the major causes of high or positive alkaline phosphatase (ALP) results?
cholestasis, paget's disease, bone tumors, rickets, osteomalacia, healing fracture, pregnancy, bone formation in childhood
What are the signs and symptoms of high serum alkaline phosphatase?
underlying cause reflects tissue or organ damage
What are the major causes of low serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP)?
Vit D defieciency, scurvy, and hypothyroidism
What are the causes of spurious (false) alkaline poshpatase (ALP) test results?
blood withdrawn after fatty meal and prolonged serum storage
What is the normal range for aspartate amino transferase?
11-47 IU/L
What are the major causes of high or positive aspartate amino transferase test results?
hepatitis, hemolysis, muscular disease, MI, renal infarction, pulmonary infarction, and necrotic tumors
What is the critical value for an aspartate amino transferase test?
> 80 IU/L
What are the drugs that are often monitored with and aspartate amino transferase (AST) test? There are 6
isoniazed, HMG-CoA inhibitors, allopurinol, methotrexate, ketoconazole, valproic acid
What are the causes of spurious (false) elevated aspartate amino transferase (AST) test results?
heparin, levodopa, methydopa, tolbutamide, erythromycin, diabetic ketoacidosis
What are the causes of spurious (false) lowered aspartate amino transferase (AST) test results? (3)
metronidazole, trifluoperazine, vit B6 deficiency
What is the normal range for alanine amino transferase (ALT)?
7-53 IU/L
What is the critical value of an alanine amino transferase (ALT) test?
> 60 IU/L
What are the major causes of high alanine amino transferase (ALT) test result?
hepatitis, hemolysis, muscular diseases, MI, renal infarction
What are the drugs that are often monitored with an alanine amino transferase (ALT) test? (6)
isoniazed, HMG-CoA inhibitors, allopurinol, ketoconazole, valproic acid, methotrexate
What is the cause of spurious (false) elevated alanine amino transferase (ALT) test result?
heparin
What is the normal range for bilirubin?
0.3-1.1 mg/dL
What is the critical value for bilirubin test?
>4 mg/dL
What are the major causes of high bilirubin test result?
liver disease, hemolysis, metabolic abnormalilities (Jaunice)
What are the major causes of spurious elevated results for bilirubin?
fasting, levodopa, phenelzine, methydopa, ascorbic acid
What is in a traditional CBC?
WBC, RBC, Hgb, Hct, RBC Indices, Platelet, MPV, Reticulocyte count
What is in a CBC with differential?
the things in the traditional plus neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
What is the normal range of WBC?
3.8-9.8 x 10e3 / uL
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are what type of WBC?

a. granulocytes
b. non-granulocytes
a. granulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes are what kind of WBC?

a. granulocyte
b. non-granulocyte
b. non-granulocyte
What is the normal Hgb range for females?
12.1-15.1 g/dL
What is the normla Hgb range for males?
13.8-17.2 g/dL
What CBC value is directly related to oxygen-carrying capacity and thus is often used to determine anemia?
Hgb
What are the critical values of Hgb?
< 5 g/dL
> 20 g/dL
what are the causes of increased Hgb?
any condition that increases RBCs
include: polycythemia vera, severe burns, heart failure, COPD
What are the causes of decreased Hgb? (4)
Thalassemia major, sick cell anemia, iron-deficiency anemia, physiological anemia of pregnancy and RBC indices
What is the normal Hct range for males?
40.7-50.3%
What is the normal Hct range for females?
36.1-44.3%
Crit and packed cell volume (PCV) are other names for what?
Hct
This test indicates the percentage of RBC in the plasma
Hct
What decreases Hct?
pregnancy, especially in the last trimester as plasma volume increases
What is the normal values of platelet count?
140-440 x 10e3 /uL
what are th critical values for platelet count?
<20,000 /uL
>800,000 /uL
What is the platelet count for a patient who has bleeding due to trauma?
< 50,000 /uL
what is the platelet count for a patient with thrombocytopenia?
< 50,000
What are the major causes of high platelet counts?
stress, infection, disease (splenectomy, RA, cirrhosis, chronic pancreatitis)
What are the signs and symptoms of high platelet counts?
thrombosis
What are the major causes of low platelet counts?
heorrhage, microcirculatory disturbances, disease (TTP, ITP, aplastic anemia, leukemia), drugs (antineoplastics, carbamazepine, heparin, phenytoin, tamoxifen)
What are the signs and symptoms of low platelet counts?
bleeding
CNS bleeding is the biggest cause of death in patients with thrombocytopenia
What drugs are often monitored with a platelet count test?
antineoplastics, heparin
What can cause spurious results in a platelet count test?
values outside of 50,000/uL - 500,000/uL and Hct <20 or >50%
What are teh normal RBC count?
4-6.2 x 10e3 /uL
What are the causes of polycythemia?
high altitudes, intense physical training, drugs (gentamycin, methdopa), smoking
polycythemia vera, secondary polycythemia
High RBC count is also called what?
polycythemia
What are the causes of anemia?
hemorrhage, abnormal destruction of RBC, lact of substance to produce RBC, and bone marrow suppression
What is another name for decreased RBC?
anemia