Personality Terms Chapter 14

Front 1

A Priori Limits

Back 1

The one fact that applies across all individuals and all cultures and outlines man's fundamental situation in the universe.

Front 2

Acculturation

Back 2

The process of social influence by which a person partially or fully acquires a new cultural outlook, either by having contact with or by living in a different culture from his or her culture of origin.

Front 3

Affiliation

Back 3

Need for love

Front 4

Amae

Back 4

In Japanese culture, the indulgence and dependence that might exist between a parent and child.

Front 5

Anatta

Back 5

In Zen Buddhism, the fundamental idea that the single, isolated self is an illusion.

Front 6

Anicca

Back 6

In Zen Buddhism, the idea that nothing lasts forever, and it is best to accept this fact instead of fighting it.

Front 7

Bicultural Identity Integration (BII)

Back 7

Instrument used to measure and explain the difference between bicultural individuals who integrate multiple cultural identities-those who experience conflict and even stress.

Front 8

Collectivist Cultures

Back 8

The needs of the group or "collective" are more important than the rights of individuals.

Front 9

Cross-Cultural Conflict

Back 9

Misunderstandings that are caused by differences in cultural attitudes, values, and behavioral styles.

Front 10

Cross-Cultural Psychology

Back 10

Field of psychology that compares different cultures.

Front 11

Cross-Cultural Universals

Back 11

Characteristics that are common across cultures.

Front 12

Cultural Psychology

Back 12

Field of psychology that seeks to understand individual cultures in their own terms but eschews comparisons.

Front 13

Cultural Relativism

Back 13

Phenomenologically based idea that all cultural views of reality are equally valid, and that it is presumptuous and ethnocentric to judge any of them as good or bad.

Front 14

Cultural Specificity

Back 14

Characteristics that are unique to a specific culture.

Front 15

Cultural Tightness

Back 15

Resembles the traits of conscientiousness and intolerance for ambiguity.

Front 16

Culture

Back 16

Psychological attributes of groups, which include, according to one writer, "customs, habits, beliefs and values that shape emotions, behavior and life pattern."

Front 17

Deconstructionism

Back 17

The view that claims that nothing in the world has any meaning or essence apart from the interpretations that observers invent or "construct."

Front 18

Ecological Approach

Back 18

The model of understanding behavior in the context of personality, which is shaped by socialization by the culture that exists in a specific ecology.

Front 19

Emics

Back 19

The locally relevant components of an idea. In cross-cultural psychology, the reference is to aspects of a phenomena that are specific to a particular culture.

Front 20

Enculturation

Back 20

The process of socialization through which an individual acquires his or her native culture, mainly early in life

Front 21

Cultural Complexity

Back 21

Cultural dimension that is analogous to the personality trait of cognitive complexity.

Front 22

Enlightened

Back 22

The state of caring for others the same as for yourself, which leads to universal compassion.

Front 23

Ethnocentrism

Back 23

An observation of another culture that is colored by the observer's cultural background.

Front 24

Etics

Back 24

The universal components of an idea. In cross-cultural psychology, the reference is to phenomena that all cultures have in common.

Front 25

Exaggeration

Back 25

Overestimation of cultural differences due to the assumption that all members of a given culture are alike.

Front 26

Experience-near Constructs

Back 26

A set of cultural lenses through which you see the world; the ways in which individuals within a culture see the same colors, feel the same emotions, desire the same goals, or organize their thoughts in comparable ways.

Front 27

Feng Shui

Back 27

The Chinese custom of aligning one's home with respect to the unseen forces of the universe.

Front 28

Generalizability

Back 28

The degree to which the results of empirical research based largely on one population applies to humanity at large.

Front 29

Holistic

Back 29

Explaining events in context rather than in isolation, and seeking to integrate divergent points of view rather than setting one against another.

Front 30

Horizontal Societies

Back 30

Cultures that tend to view all persons as essentially equal.

Front 31

Idiographic Assessment

Back 31

The view that it is always a distortion to see people in common terms or even to categorize them as varying along common dimensions; that everyone must be understood in his or her own terms.

Front 32

Individualist Cultures

Back 32

A culture whereby individual rights take precedence over group interests, and one has a right and obligation to make moral choices that are independent, not determined by cultural tradition.

Front 33

Jibun

Back 33

One's portion of the shared life space.

Front 34

Multicultural

Back 34

Individuals who belong to more than one culture.

Front 35

Nirvana

Back 35

In Zen Buddhism, the state of selfless being that is the pleasant result of having achieved enlightenment.

Front 36

Outgroup Homogeneity Bias

Back 36

Members of groups to which one does not belong seem to be "all the same."

Front 37

Semiotic Subjects

Back 37

The deconstructionist view that people do not have traits, mental states, or psychological processes independent from culture.

Front 38

Subculture

Back 38

Members of the same cultural group by one definition who may be different groups by another definition.

Front 39

Vertical Societies

Back 39

Cultures that assume that individual people are importantly different from each other.