Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
A trait is.... |
-a characteristic describing how people differ or are similar -average tendency -relatively enduring (long-term) |
|
|
How do we conceptualize traits (2) |
-trait as an internal casual property
-trait as descriptive summaries |
|
|
Trait as internal casual properties |
-how traits form account for certain types of behaviors -"internal" -carry traits from content to content/ situation to situation -explain the behavior of the individuals who possess them |
|
|
Trait as descriptive summaries |
-descriptive summary of behavior -traits are descriptive summaries of one's attributes without assuming internality/ causality -they summarize behavioral trends |
|
|
The act frequency research program |
-traits are categories of acts
1. act nominations -identify certain behaviors that correspond with that certain type of trait 2. prototypically judgement -identifying which acts are most central to, or pro typical or, each trait category 3. recording of act performance -self report, observer report -the more frequent behaviors that go with the trait, the stronger the argument |
|
|
Act frequency
Pros/ Cons |
Pros -identifies acts relating to most traits -accounts for a large number of personality traits -identifies behavioral regularities (those that correspond most with certain traits) -helps study the meaning of hard to study traits (internal traits.. example: imagination)
Cons -no account for among of context (reasons for person using that behavior) -applies only to overt acts, things we can see, can be missing other things -may prove difficult with complex traits |
|
|
How do we identify traits?
1. Lexical approach |
-lexical hypothesis: all key individual differences are encoded within our language over time -traits- important in communication -qualities and strengths- fundamental in how we describe ourselves, and other people -all traits listed and defined in the dictionary form the basis of describing differences among people |
|
|
Lexical approach
pros/ cons |
Pros -helps to initially identify key differences, considers culture
Cons -some traits are ambiguous, may not capture various types of speech |
|
|
Statistical approach |
-uses factor analysis, or similar to statistical procedures to identify major dimentions or coordinates of the personality map
factor analysis: essentially identifies groups of items that go together but tend to not to together with other groups of items -identifies groups that convary (do they associate) -reduce traits into groups
|
|
|
Synonym frequency
Cross cultural universality |
-more than one word for the same traits
-do other cultures also have many synonyms for our key traits |
|
|
Theoretical approach |
-a theory determines the important individual differences (traits) -researchers rely on theories to identify important traits -pros/cons coincide with the theories strengths and weaknesses |
|
|
Sociosexual orientation |
-men and women will pursue 1 or 2 alternative sexual relationship strategies
1. single committed relationship with monogamy and large investment in children 2. more promiscuity, partner switching, less investment in children |
|
|
Key trait taxonomies
1. Eysenck's hierarchial model (PEN) |
-have overarching traits -Psychoticism: aggressive, cold, impulsive -Extraverion: sociable actively, lively, adventurous vs not -Neuroticism: emotional stability, being shy, moody, low esteem, anxious vs not
-trait presumed to be heritable and have identifiable psychological substrate (basic personality traits should have them) |
|
|
Cattell's 16 factor taxonomy |
goal: identify and measure key personality traits across various types of data -16 traits via factor analysis -too many traits (critisisms) |
|
|
Wiggins circumplex model |
-highlighted interpersonal traits (what people do with each other) that defined social exchange: status and love
3 types of relationships specified in this model 1. adjacency: how close traits are to each other in complex 2. Bipolarity: opposite sides of grid, negatively correlated 3. Orthogonality: traits are perpendicular, entirely unrelated to each other, 0 correlation between traits |
|
|
Five-factor model The Big-5 |
O.C.E.A.N. Openness: to experience, intellect, imaginative, creative versus not creative, unimaginative, non-intellectual Conscientiousness: organized, neat, practical, prompt versus disorganized, careless, sloppy, impractical Extraversion: talkative, assertive, extraverted, forward versus shy, introverted, quiet, bashful Agreeablenss: sympathetic, warm, understanding, sincere versus unsympathetic, unkind, cruel Neuroticism: moody, anxious, insecure versus calm, relaxed, stable
- 5 most fundamental traits |
|
|
Measuring the big 5 |
-NEO-PI-R: neuroticism-extroversion-openness -personality inventory- revised -i often get disgusted with people I have to deal with SD (strongly disagree) -> SA (strongly agree) |
|
|
The big 5 and university subject pools
Stevens and Ash (2001) |
-studied the big 5 personality traits in a university subject pool -compared those who took part early versus late in the term -results from NEO-PI-R indicated that students who wait until end of term to participate were less conscientious and more open to experience versus those not taking part |
|
|
Correa (2010) examined extraversion, openness, and neuroticism in the context of social media usage |
-high extraversion and openness linked with more social media use -extraversion was particularly associated with social media use for younger individuals -openness was particularly associated with social media use for older individuals -high neuroticism also linked with more social media use- even AFTER accounting for life satisfaction |
|
|
Neuroticism, depression, and anxiety
Wienstock and Whisman (2000) |
-examined neuroticism as a factor in anxiety disorders and depression -FINDINGS -higher neuroticism in depression and anxiety versus no diagnosis -no differences between depression versus anviety -highest levels of neuroticism among those with both disorders |
