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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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William Sheldon
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characterized ppl by body type, relating body type to personality type; endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy
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endomorphy
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soft and spherical body types
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mesomorphy
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hard muscular and rectangular body types
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ectomorphy
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thin fragile and lightly muscled body types
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E. G. Boring
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suggested that development of psychology due to Zeitgeist (changing spirit of the times)
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Edward Titchener
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method of introspection--formed structuralism (first system of psychology)
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structuralism |
Breaks consciousness into elements by using introspection |
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functionalism |
James Dewey; stream of consciousness; mind functions to help ppl adapt to environment; attacked structuralism |
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behaviorism
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look first and foremost at behavior rather than unconscious instincts; John Dollard, Neal Miller, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura
therapy: consider the symptoms to be the disorder rather than the symptoms being the manifestations of a disorder like psychoanalysts |
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gestalt psychology
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closely linked to existential and humanistic theories; holistic view of self
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cognitive psychology |
Behaviorism not adequate explanation for human behavior; humans think, believe, are creative |
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psychoanalysis
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unconscious internal states motivate overt actions in individuals and determine personality; structural dynamic model: id/ego/superego; instincts=propelling aspects; defense mechanisms
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humanism
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phenomenological; focus on that which distinguishes us from animals; arose in opposition to both psychoanalysis and behaviorism; notion of free will and idea that ppl should be considered in terms of wholes; Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers
therapy: problems seen as stemming from lack of meaning in life; humanism: exploration of client's thoughts and feelings; existentialism: empathy toward client, understanding, affirmation, positive regard |
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Sigmund Freud
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pioneered psychoanalysis; structural dynamic model; dynamic theory of personality
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Abraham Maslow
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HUMANISM; hierarchy of human motives, self-actualization; ppl strive for higher level needs only when lower level needs met; lowest needs=physiological; then in ascending order: belongingness, love, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, self-actualization at very top
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Carl Rogers
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HUMANISM; client-centered therapy, person-centered therapy/nondirective therapy; believed ppl have freedom to control own behavior; increase congruence btwn what person thinks she should be and what she actually is; climate of unconditional positive regard
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Philippe Pinel
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1792 Paris; believed ppl w/ mental illness should be treated w/ kindness, made sure mental institution patients treated humanely; changes had beneficial effects on pts.
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Dorothea Dix
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mental institution reformer in US; 1841-1881; zealous advocate of treating pts. humanely
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general paresis
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disorder characterized by delusions of gradeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis and death. It was eventually found that mental deterioration was caused by syphilis. important advance in understanding of abnormal psych knowing that physiological factors can underlie mental disorders
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Carletti and Bini
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1938: introduced use of electroshock to produce artificial seizures; believed epileptic episodes could cure schizophrenia
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prefrontal lobotomies
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1935-1955 used to treat schizophrenia; frontal lobes of brain severed from brain tissue--also destroyed parts of frontal lobe--did not cure schizophrenia, just made pt more tranquil and show absence of feeling
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Emil Kraepelin
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wrote precursor to DSM
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id
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reservoir of all psychic energy; consists of everything psychological that's present at birth; functions according to pleasure principle; primary process;
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pleasure principle
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id functions under this; immediately discharge any energy build-up
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primary process
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id's response to frustration operating under "obtain satisfaction now, not later"--wish fulfillment
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wish fulfillment
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mental image of object during primary process
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ego
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comes into play since wish fulfillment cannot relieve tension on permanent basis; secondary process; operates according to reality principle; suspends workings of primary process, but only in service of the id to pragmatically meet demands of objective reality; organization of the id--receives its power from id so can never really be independent of id
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John Dollard and Neal Miller
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blended some psychoanalytic concepts in stimulus-response reinforcement learning theory approach; focused on conflicting tendencies/motives in personality development
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B.F. Skinner
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personality=collection of behavior that just happens to have been sufficiently reinforced to persist
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Albert Bandura
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also contends that learning principles sufficient to account for personality development; social learning theory; vicarious reinforcement
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social learning theory
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modeling observed behavior; vicarious reinforcement
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vicarious reinforcement
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learning also occurs by watching others' behaviors be reinforced
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Martin Seligman
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learned helplessness theory of depression studies in 1960s; dogs in cells w/ high walls, shocks administered to floors; dogs initially jumped then stopped jumping b/c got used to it--even when low walls that dogs could've easily jumped over--dogs still didn't jump
extrapolated to humans--external locus of control |
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Beck's cognitive therapy for depression
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write down negative thoughts about self, figure out why unjustified, then come up w/ more realistic/less constructive cognitions
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Albert Ellis's rational-emotive therapy (RET)
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basic assumption=ppl. develop irrational ways of thinking; therapist will challenge client's irrational belief, helping him recognize these beliefs and change to more rational ones
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symptom substitution
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psychoanalysts believe that curing the symptoms does not cure the disorder and so new symptoms will replace old ones that were cured if underlying disorder not addressed
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Kurt Lewin
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field theory; personality is dynamic and constantly changing; personality divided into ever-changing regions called systems; optimal=articulated systems that function in integrated fashion; under tension/anxiety=diffuse articulation between regions
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self-actualization
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need to realize one's fullest potential; Maslow says most ppl don't reach this
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peak experiences
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self-actualized ppl more likely to have this according to Maslow; profound and deeply moving experiences in person's life that have important and lasting effects on the person
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George Kelly
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hypothesized individual as scientist--person who devises and tests predictions about behavior of significant ppl in his/her life; ppl create scheme of anticipation of what others will do; the anxious person has difficulty constructing and understanding variables in environment
therapy: acquire new constructs that allow you to successfully predict troublesome events |
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Victor Frankl
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mental illness and maladjustment stem from life of meaninglessness
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type theories
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characterize ppl according to specific types of personality; type A vs type B;
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trait theories
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ascertain fundamental dimensions of personality; Raymond Cattell
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Type A personality
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competitive and compulsive
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Type B personality
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laid-back and relaxed
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Raymond Cattell
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trait theorist; 16 basic traits that constitute building blocks of personality;
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Hans J. Eysenck
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introversion vs extroversion and emotional stability vs neuroticism and psychoticism
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psychoticism
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dimension of personality added later by Hans J. Eyesenck
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Gordon Allport
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trait theorist; 3 types of traits: cardinal, central, secondary; functional autonomy; idiographic vs nomothetic approach to personality
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cardinal traits
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traits around which a person organizes her life; not everyone develops cardinal traits (i.e. Mother Theresa and self-sacrifice)
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central traits
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major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer
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secondary traits
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more personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence
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functional autonomy
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given activity/form of behavior may become end or goal in itself regardless of its original reason for existence; that which began as a means to obtain a goal became the goal itself, i.e. hunting
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idiographic approach to personality
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focuses on individual case studies; Allport insisted personality theorists should use this approach
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nomothetic approach to personality
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focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find commonalities between individuals
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David McClelland
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the need for achievement (nAch)
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the need for achievement (nAch)
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if rated high, you're concerned with achievement and have pride in your accomplishments, avoid high risks and low risks and set realistic goals and don't continue striving toward a goal if success unlikely
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Herman Witkin
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field-dependence
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field-dependence
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at one pole is capacity to make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli (independent); at other pole is a more diffuse response to a perceived mass of somewhat undifferentiated stimuli (dependence)
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Julian Rotter
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internal vs external locus of control
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Machiavellian
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personality trait that refers to someone who is manipulative and deceitful
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Androgyny
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state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine; Sandra Bem's theory on gender identity
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Walter Mischel
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criticizes the concept of stable personality traits; he believes behavior is largely determined by characteristics of the situation rather than by those of the person
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DSM-IV
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition; published by APA in 1994; multiaxial assessment
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multiaxial assessment
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clients assessed on several domains of info, all of which may help clinician plan treatment; Five different axes
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axis I
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client's clinical disorders w/ exception of personality disorders and mental retardation
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axis II
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personality disorders and mental retardation
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axis III
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medical conditions potentially relevant to understanding/treating mental disorder
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axis IV
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psychosocial/environmental stresses that may influence progression, treatment, our outcome of disorders
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axis V
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clinician's judgement of client's overall functioning level; global assessment of functioning (GAF) scale
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Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
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scale that ranges from 0-100 used in Axis V
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Blunting |
Severe reduction in intensity of affect expression |
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Prodromal phase |
Characterized by poor adjustment; clear evidence of serious toon, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect and unusual experiences; pre-diagnosis of schizophrenia |
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Active phase |
Symptomatic behavior of schizophrenia; the phase that follows Prodromal phase |
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Process schizophrenia |
Development of schizophrenia is slow and insidious; prognosis for recovery in this case especially poor |
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Reactive schizophrenia |
Onset of schizophrenia symptoms sudden and intense; prognosis for recovery better |
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Dopamine hypothesis |
Leading biochemical explanation for schizophrenia; delusions/hallucinations/agitation result from excess dopamine at certain sites in brain
Variant=dopamine level is normal but oversensitivity in brain to dopamine--too many dopamine receptors |
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Double-bind hypothesis |
Schizophrenia results from contradictory and mutually incompatible messages from parents |
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Catecholamine theory of depression |
Too much norepinephrine and serotonin leads to mania and too little leads to depression |
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Diathesis-stress model |
Excessive stress operating on a person w/ Predisposition toward developing mental disorder may lead to development of the disorder |
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Primary prevention |
Efforts to seek out and eradicate conditions that foster mental illness |
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David Rosenhan |
Sane ppl admitted to institutions and acted normal but we're not judged as normal due to original statements upon entry |
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Thomas Szasz |
Critic of labeling ppl mentally ill; the myth of mental illness |
