Perceptions, Personality, And Emotions - Key Terms

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Affective events theory

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- The theory that employees react emotionally to things that happen to them at work and that this emotional reaction influences their job performance and satisfaction.

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Agreeableness

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A personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

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Attribution theory

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The theory that when we observe what seems like atypical behaviour by an individual, we attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.

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Conscientiousness

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- A personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement-oriented.

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Consensus

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A behavioural rule that asks if everyone faced with a similar situation responds in the same way.

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Consistency

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A behavioural rule that asks whether the individual has been acting in the same way over time.

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Contrast effects

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The concept that our reaction to a person is often influenced by other people we have recently encountered.

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Core self-evaluation

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The degree to which an individual likes or dislikes himself or herself, whether the person sees himself or herself as capable and effective, and whether the person feels in control of his or her environment or powerless over the environment.

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Deep acting

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to modify one’s true inner feelings based on display rules.

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Displayed emotions

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Emotions that are organizationally required and considered appropriate in a given job.

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Distinctiveness

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A behavioural rule that considers whether an individual acts similarly across a variety of situations.

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Emotional dissonance

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Inconsistencies between the emotions people feel and the emotions they project.

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Emotional intelligence

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An assortment of noncognitive skills, capabilities, and competencies that influence a person’s ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures.

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Emotional labour

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When an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal interactions.

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Emotional stability

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A personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is calm, selfconfident, and secure.

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Emotions

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Intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.

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Employee deviance

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Voluntary actions that violate established norms and threaten the organization, its members, or both.

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Extraversion

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A personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is sociable, talkative, and assertive.

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Felt emotions

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An individual’s actual emotions.

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Fundamental attribution error

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The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behaviour of others.

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Halo effect

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Drawing a general impression of an individual based on a single characteristic.

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Heuristics

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Judgment shortcuts in decision making.

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Machiavellianism

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The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.

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Moods

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Feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus.

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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

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A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.

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Narcissism

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The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.

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Openness to experience

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- A personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is imaginative, artistically sensitive, and intellectual.

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Perception

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A process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

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Personality

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The stable patterns of behaviour and consistent internal states that determine how an individual reacts to and interacts with others.

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Personality traits

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Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour.

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Prejudice

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An unfounded dislike of a person or group based on their belonging to a particular stereotyped group.

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Proactive personality

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- A person who identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs

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Projection

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Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people.

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Risk-taking

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A person’s willingness to take chances or risks.

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Selective perception

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- People’s selective interpretation of what they see based on their interests, background, experience, and attitudes.

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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A concept that proposes a person will behave in ways consistent with how he or she is perceived by others.

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Self-monitoring

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A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust behaviour to external, situational factors.

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Self-serving bias

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- The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

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Stereotyping

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Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs.

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Surface acting

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Hiding one’s inner feelings and forgoing emotional expressions in response to display rules.

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Type A personality

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- A personality with aggressive involvement in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time and, if necessary, against the opposing efforts of other things or other people.