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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All events that occur between 2 consecutive heartbeats...
When a chamber relaxes... When a chamber contracts... This occurs usually within... The CC elevates during... |
Cardiac Cycle
Diastole Systole 1 second exercise |
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The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.
We can measure this by knowing how much blood is in the ventricle at the end of diastole called_____, and how much is left after systole, called _____. SV=EDV-ESV. |
Stroke Volume
End-Diastolic volume End-systolic volume |
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Stroke volume is determined by 4 factors:
During exercise, these factors will allow for an increased SV, but only to a point. Once we reach _____,% of maximal capacity, we've gotten about all we can out of stroke volume. Thus, other mechanisms such as _____ must take over. |
Venous return
Ventricular stretch Ventricular squeeze Vessel resisance 60% increased HR |
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The number of ventricular beats per minute...
We can measure heart rates at rest (_____) during submaximal exercise (_____) or at maximal exercise (_____). Average resting heart rates in adults will be between _____ beats per minute. How do you determine maximum? What determines the submaximal HR? |
Heart Rate
HR rest HR submaximal HR max 60-80 Subtract a person's age from 220. Fitness level of the individual and the exercise intensity |
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During prolonged exercise (more than 1 hour) we could encounter _____, which is an increased HR even though our effort of work has remained steady. Prolonged exercise in a warm environment will cause blood flow to the skin to _____ and will also produce water loss through sweat. Since much of this water comes from _____, we will see a drop in stroke volume, especially when the redistribution of blood to the skin is considered. Thus, the heart must compensate by increasing the number of beats per minute to maintain cardiac output.
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Cardiovascular Drift
increase blood (plasma) |
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The amount of blood pumped form the left ventricle per minute...
Determined by the... At rest, the relationship between SV and HR is such that when one increases, the other will _____ to maintain cardiac output |
Cardiac Output (Q)
Amount of blood pumped per beat and the amount of beats per minute (Q=SVxHR) decrease |
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During exercise, we will see a rise in both _____ and _____ since there is an increased demand for cardiac output. The type of exercise can often dictate the degree of change simply based on body position. For example, a runner will be working against gravity as he/she sends blood back to the heart from the working muscles (legs). This exercise will result in a lower _____ and consequently a lower _____. There will have to be an elevation in _____ to compensate. Since swimmers exercise in a horizontal position, their venous return will be enhanced so SV will be greater as compared to the runner. In this case, the compensation of HR to maintain cardiac output is not nearly as dramatic.
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Stroke volume and HR
venous return stroke volume HR |
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Considered to be the "gold standard" of aerobic power measurement.
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Maximal Oxygen Consumption
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Defined as the greatest amount of oxygen consumption attainable during maximal exercise.
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VO2max
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An increase in muscle blood flow (via _____) best explains an elevated VO2max after endurance training. VO2max will decrease _____% after age _____, primarily because of the aging process and a decrease in physical activity. The percent of _____ muscle fibers will also decrease via aging.
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increase in plasma volume
1-2 25 Type II |
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The mechanism that help bring blood back to the heart...
The 3 basic mechanisms are... |
Venous Return
Breathing, muscle pump, valves |
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Venous Return:
Each inhalation and exhalation alters thoracic cavity size. What mechanism? The inhalations allow more blood from the lower body to return to the heart since the _____ is _____. |
Breathing
thoracic pressure lower |
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Venous Return
Veins in areas of muscular contraction will be "squeezed" by those muscles which forces blood to be returned to the heart. This is one reason why track coaches will insist that their athletes continue to move at the conclusion of an exhaustive bout of exercise. |
Muscle Pump
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Venous Return
We mentioned how the valves of the heart allow for unidirectional blood flow. We also see this in action because of a series of valves in the veins throughout the body (more prominent in the lower body). |
Valves
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The blood volume in an average sized adult ranges from _____ liters. Athletes who train aerobically will normally see an expansion of their _____ because of an increase in _____.
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4-6 liters
blood volume blood plasma |
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What percent of blood is plasma?
How much of plasma is water? What else is in plasma? |
55%
90% Protein and other stuff |
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Helps maintain the blood volume necessary for normal cardiac distribution at rest and during exercise.
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Plasma
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If we lose too much water in the form of plasma, will will compromise our ability to move _____ and _____ through the blood because we have increased the blood's viscosity. We can expand the plasma base through endurance training and benefit from a larger blood volume.
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oxygen and carbon dioxide
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What percent of blood is formed elements?
What percent is red and what percent is white? |
45%
99% red, 1% white |
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Contain hemoglobin molecules that are used to transport oxygen through the blood
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RBC
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The percent of total blood volume comprised of formed elements. This can increase even if the RBC count remains the same because we can lose plasma during exercise.
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Hematocrit (HCT)
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The shift of blood flow from rest to exercise is dramatic. The skeletal muscle at rest requires less than _____% of cardiac output. However, we see that percent jump to over _____% during high-intensity activity.
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20%
80% |
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The body accomplishes the redirection of blood flow by vasoconstriction and vasodilation under the influence of the ____.
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sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
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During exercise, we see _____ in the core of the body to divert blood flow away from the kidneys, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, _____ at the working skeletal muscles is enhanced so that blood flow is increased in those areas. If the heat produced during exercise causes the body to "overheat", we will see more of the blood being shunted towards the skin in order to cool the body. When we are in cold environments, we see the reverse.
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vasoconstriction
vasodilation |
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At rest, most of the blood is found in the
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liver, muscle, and kidneys
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Since we only have 5-6 liters of blood to work with, we can find ourselves in compromised positions when it comes to athletic performance verses normal physiological function especially during high-intensity exercise in a hot environment. When muscle is _____, it will demand (and usually receive) a significantly higher level of blood flow. For this to occur, we must increase the turnover rate of _____, which means _____ and _____ will increase. In turn, we will see _____ increase during exercise.
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active
cardiac output stroke volume heart rate blood pressure |
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The pressure exerted on the walls of vessels (normally referring to the arterial walls)...
We can measure BP by taking the pressure against the the vessels at its highest point (_____) and at its lowest point (_____). |
Blood pressure
Systolic Blood Pressure Diastolic Blood Pressure |
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The heart tends to spend the most time in _____ than _____.
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Diastole than systole
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What's the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure?
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Diastolic BP+0.333(Systolic BP-Diastolic BP).
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The amount and intensity of training to see physiological changes is usually a minimum of _____ minutes of exercise for _____ days per week at ______% of maximal heart rate
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20
3-5 70 |
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Show the most response to a training effect...
In particular, we see the _____ as having an increased internal mass (volume) and increased wall thickness to promote greater contractility. |
Ventricles in the heart
left ventricle |
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A greater plasma (blood) volume best explains the increased _____ seen at rest, submax, and maximal measures in endurance athletes. The increased wall thickness also contributes to _____, which increases SV.
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stroke volume
contractility |
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Since maximal HR is a function of _____, we see little change in this measure after training. However, we do see a significant drop in _____ and _____ after endurance training. A partial explaination is a possible increase in _____. Also when _____ becomes more efficient, we can maintain cardiac output with a lower heart rate at rest and submaximal exercise levels.
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age
submax HR Resting HR Parasympathetic input Stroke Volume |
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___ at maximal exercise is most influenced by training. Most of this change can be attributed to the increase in _____.
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Cardiac Output
Stroke Volume |
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What effect does training have on BP?
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People who have normal blood pressure, nothing. People who have high blood pressure...lowers the BP.
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The _____ increase during training makes the largest contribution to blood volume increase. _____ will also increase with training, but often the hematocrit will be down because of hte expansion of the blood volume.
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plasma
Red Blood Cell |
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When an untrained person trains at the prescribed exercise levels for improved physiological function, he/she can expect to see an increase of VO2max of approximately _____%. The percent change seen in previously trained subjects will not be as dramatic since they have a smaller range for improvement. The difference in VO2max between highly trained male and female athletes in approximately _____.
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20
10%. |
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What percent of blood is in the veins?
In the lungs? In the heart? In arterioles & capillaries? In the arteries? |
64%
9% 7% 7% 3% |
