Patterns Of Inheritance

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Hippocrates

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--Suggested Pangenesis- Pangenws travel from each part of an organism's body to the eggs and the sperm and then are passed to the next generation

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Blending

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The idea that the hereditary materials contributed by the male and female parents mix in forming the offspring
--Like Paint Pigments--

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Heredity

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The transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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Genetics

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--The scientific study of heredity
--Began in th 1860s by Gregor Mendel

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Gregor Mendel

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--Deduced the Fundamental Principles of Genetics by breeding garden peas
--Argued that Parents pass on to their offspring discrete "heritable factors" (today called genes)
--Genes retain their individuality generation after generation (like playing cards... they can be shuffled but they still have the same 52 cards just in different combinations)

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Character

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--A heritable feature that varies among individuals
ex)Eye Color

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Trait

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--Each variant for a character
ex) Brown, Blue, Hazel...

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Self Fertilization

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--A form of reproduction that involves fusion of sperm and egg produced by the same individual organism

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Cross Fertilization

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--The fusion of sperm and egg derived from two different individuals

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Stamen and Carpel

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--The reproductive organs of the garden pea flowers

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True Breeding

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--Referring to organisms for which sexual reproduction produces offspring with inherited traits identical to those of the parents
--Organisms are Homozygous

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Hybrid

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--An offspring of parents of two different species or of two different varieties of one species
--Differ in one or more inherited traits
--Individual is Heterozygous

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Hybridization

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--Cross Fertilization

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P Generation

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--The True Breeding Parental Plants in Mendel's Study

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F1 Generation

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--The Hybrid Offspring of the Parental Plants (P Generation)

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F2 Generation

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--The Offspring of the F1 Generation

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Filial

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--The latin word for Son which is why they are called F1 and F2 Generations

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Monohybrid Cross

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--An experimental mating of individuals differing at one genetic characteristic

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Alleles

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--The alternative versions of a gene

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Homozygous

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--An organism that has 2 identical alleles

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Heterozygous

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--An organism that has 2 different alleles

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Law of Segregation

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--A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited trait because allele pairs seperate from each other during the production of gametes

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Genotype

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--Genetic Makeup

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Phenotype

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--Physical Traits

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Genotypic Ratio

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--1 PP: 2Pp: 1pp

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Phenotypic Ratio

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--3 Purple Flowers: 1 White Flower

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Homologous Chromosomes

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--Chromosomes that carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristic
--May bear eithier the same alleles or different ones
--AKA Homologues

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Dihybrid Cross

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--Mating of parental varieties differing in 2 characteristics
--Parental generation: RRYY and rryy
F1 Generation: all plants with round yellow seeds
--F2 generation: 9:3:3:1 Ratio was observed

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Law of Independent Assortment

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--Each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation

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Loci -- Locus

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--The particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome
--Homologous Chromosomes have corresponding gene loci

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Testcross

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--A mating between an indvidual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual

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Rule of Multiplication

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--Multiply the probabilities of events that must occur together

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Rule of Addition

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--Add probabilities of events that can happen in alternate ways

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Pedigree

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--Shows the inheritance of a trait in a family through multiple generations
--Demonstrates dominant or recessive inheritance
--Can also be used to deduce genotypes of family members

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Recessive Disorders

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--Two recessive alleles are needed to show disease
--Heterozygous parents are carriers of the disease-causing allele
--Probability of inheritance increases with inbreeding, mating between close relatives

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Dominant Disorders

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--One dominant allele is needed to show disease
--Dominant lethal alleles are usually eliminated from the population

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Cystic Fibrosis

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--Recessive Disorder
--Have an excessive secretion of very thick mucus from the lungs, pancreas and other organs
--Children die before the age of 5 unless treated
--No Cure

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Achondroplasia

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--Dominant Disorder
--A form of Dwarfism
--Head and torso of the body develop normally but tge arms and legs are short
--Homozygous Dominant die as fetus so only Heterozygous individuals live

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Huntington's Disease

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--Dominant Disorder
--Degenerative Disorder of the nervous system that usually does not begin until middle age
--As the disease progresses it cause uncontrollable movements in all parts of the body
--Loss of brain cells leads to memory loss and impaired judgement and Depression
--Eventually prevents swallowing and speaking and Death

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Identifying Carriers

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--Tests are available to identify carriers of alleles for different disease like:
--Tay-Sachs Disease
--Sickle Cell Disease
--A form of Cystic Fibrosis

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Amniocentesis

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--A fetal test performed between 14 weeks and 20 weeks of pregnancy
--Physician inserts a needle into mother's uterus avoiding the fetus and takes a sample of the amniotic fluid

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Karotyping

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--Display of micrographs of the metaphase chromosomes of a cell, arranged by size and centromere position

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Chorionic Villus Sampling

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--A physician extracts a tiny sample of chorionic villus tissue from the placenta and tests it
--Faster than Amniocentesis

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Complete Dominance

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--A type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heterozygous and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

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Incomplete Dominance

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----Neither allele is dominant over the other
--Expression of both alleles is observed as an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygous individual like a mixture Red and White Flowers make Pink flowers
when Heterozygous

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Co Dominance

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----Neither allele is dominant over the other
--Expression of both alleles is observed as a distinct phenotype in the heterozygous individual
--Observed for type AB blood

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Hypercholesterolemia

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--Recessive Allele that causes dangerously high levels of cholesterol in the blood Hh have chloesterol about 2x as much as normal usually prone to blocked arteries by cholesterol build up in artery walls hh individuals have the disorder even worse -- may have heart attacks as early as the age of 2
--Example of Incomplete Dominance

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LDL

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--Low Density Lipoproteins
--Cholesterol-Containing particles in the blood
--LDL Receptors pick up LDL particles from the blood and promote their uptake by cells that break down the cholesterol
--Process helps prevent the accumulation of cholesterol in the arteries
--Hh people with Hypercholesterolemia have only half the normal number of LDL Receptors
--hh People have None

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Multiple Alleles

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--Populations of genes in more than 2 possible forms
--Not just H or h
--Blood Types O, A, B, or AB

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Pleiotropy

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--One gene influencing many characteristics
--Example: The gene for sickle cell disease

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Sickle Cell Disease

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--Affects the type of hemoglobin produced
--Affects the shape of red blood cells
--Causes anemia
--Causes organ damage
--Is related to susceptibility to malaria -- Sickle Cell People are Resistant to Malaria

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Polygenic Inheritance

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--Many genes influence one trait
--Many genotypes for one phenotype
--Skin color is affected by at least three genes

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The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

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--Genes occupy specific loci on chromosomes and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment during meiosis
--The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and feritilization is what accounts for inheritance patterns

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Linked Genes

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--Are located close together on the same chromosome
--Tend to be inherited together

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Crossing Over

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--Linked Genes are Seperated by Crossing Over
--Produces new combinations of alleles
--Recombinant chromosomes are formed
--Thomas Hunt Morgan demonstrated this in early experiments with fruit flies

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Recombination Frequency

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--Geneticists measure genetic distance using the percentage of recombinants

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Genetic Maps

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--Show the order of genes on chromosomes
--Arrange genes into linkage groups representing individual chromosomes

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SRY

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--Y Gene --sex determining region of Y -- triggers testis development

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Sex Linked Gene

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--A gene located on either of the sex chromosomes

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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

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--Sex-Linked Recessive Disorder
--Weakening of Muscles and Loss of Coordination
--Almost all cases are Male
--Rarely live past early 20s