Pathophysiology-Renal System Abonyo Ppt

Front 1

The kidney filters how much liters of blood daily?

Back 1

200 liters

Front 2

Provides a temporary storage reservoir for urine?

Back 2

urinary bladder

Front 3

transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

Back 3

ureters

Front 4

transports urine from the bladder to out of the body

Back 4

urethra

Front 5

the kidneys lie in which region?

Back 5

superior lumbar region

Front 6

which kidney is lower due to the liver overcrowding?

Back 6

the right kidney

Front 7

the lateral surface of the kidney is? the medial surface is?

Back 7

convex, concave

Front 8

the renal hilus leads to the renal?

Back 8

sinus

Front 9

fibrous capsule that prevents kidney infection

Back 9

renal capsule

Front 10

fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the body wall

Back 10

adipose capsule

Front 11

fatty mass that cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the body wall

Back 11

renal fascia

Front 12

Approx. how much systematic cardiac output flows through the kidneys each minute

Back 12

one-fourth or 1200 ml

Front 13

85% of nephrons, located in the cortex

Back 13

cortical nephrons

Front 14

Are located at the cortex-medulla junction

Back 14

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Front 15

are involved in the production of concentrated urine

Back 15

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Front 16

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is high because:

Back 16

*Arterioles are high-resistance vessels
*afferent arterioles have larger diameters than efferent arterioles

Front 17

long, straight efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons

Back 17

vasa recta

Front 18

Afferent and efferent arterioles offer high resistance to

Back 18

blood flow

Front 19

Blood pressure declines from _ to _ in renal veins

Back 19

95 mm Hg in renal arteries to 8 mm Hg

Front 20

Resistance in afferent arterioles protects

Back 20

glomeruli from fluctuations in systemic blood pressure

Front 21

Resistance in efferent arterioles reinforces? and reduces?

Back 21

*high glomerular pressure
*hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries

Front 22

Filter that lies between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule

Back 22

filtration membrane

Front 23

A drop in filtration pressure stimulates

Back 23

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

Front 24

sympathetic activation produces powerful vasoconstriction of?

Back 24

afferent arterioles

Front 25

what substance is commonly used to measure GFR?

Back 25

inulin

Front 26

The kidneys filter the body’s entire plasma volume, how many times a day?

Back 26

60 times each day

Front 27

the filtrate contains all plasma components except

Back 27

protein
(slide 41)

Front 28

The filtrate looses what 3 things to become urine

Back 28

water, nutrients and essential ions
(slide 41)

Front 29

Urine formation and adjustment of blood composition involves three major processes

Back 29

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Secretion
(slide 41)

Front 30

The glomerulus is more efficient than other capillary beds because Its filtration membrane is? Glomerular blood pressure? It has a higher net?

Back 30

more permeable, more higher, filtration pressure

Front 31

In glomerular filtration Plasma proteins are not filtered and are used to maintain?

Back 31

oncotic pressure of the blood

Front 32

net filtration pressure is the pressure responsible for?

Back 32

filtration formation

Front 33

glomerular filtration rate is the total amount of?

Back 33

of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys

Front 34

GFR is directly proportional to the?

Back 34

NFP

Front 35

Changes in GFR normally result from changes in?

Back 35

Glomerular blood pressure
(slide 44)

Front 36

If the GFR is too high Needed substances cannot be ?

Back 36

reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost in the urine

Front 37

If the GFR is too low Everything is?

Back 37

reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally disposed of

Front 38

mechanisms of GFR control main role is to?

Back 38

maintain constant GFR

Front 39

Three mechanisms control the GFR?

Back 39

-Renal autoregulation (intrinsic system)
-Neural controls
-Hormonal mechanism (the renin-angiotensin system)

Front 40

autoregulation entails 2 type of controls which are?

Back 40

-myogenic: responds to changes in pressure in the renal blood vessels
-Flow-dependent tubuloglomerular feedback:senses changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 41

When the sympathetic nervous system is at rest Renal blood vessels are maximally? and Autoregulation mechanisms?

Back 41

dilated, prevail

Front 42

Under stress Norepinephrine is released by the? Epinephrine is released by the? Afferent arterioles?

Back 42

sympathetic nervous system, adrenal medulla, constrict and filtration is inhibited

Front 43

The sympathetic nervous system also stimulates what mechanism?

Back 43

renin-angiotensin mechanism

Front 44

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN MECHANISM is triggered when the?

Back 44

JG cells release renin

Front 45

Renin acts on angiotensinogen to release?

Back 45

angiotensin I,

Front 46

Angiotensin II causes mean arterial pressure to? Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release? As a result, both systemic and glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

Back 46

rise, aldosterone, rise

Front 47

Renin release is triggered by reduced stretch of the?

Back 47

granular JG cells

Front 48

Nitric oxide is a (vasoconstrictor/ vasodilator) produced by the?

Back 48

vasodilator, vascular endothelium

Front 49

Adenosine is a (vasoconstrictor/ vasodilator) of renal vasculature.

Back 49

vasoconstrictor

Front 50

Endothelin is a (vasoconstrictor/ vasodilator) secreted by?

Back 50

vasoconstrictor, renal tubules

Front 51

Na+ enters the tubule cells at the?

Back 51

luminal membrane

Front 52

A transport maximum (Tm) Reflects the number of carriers in the?

Back 52

renal tubules available

Front 53

When the carriers are saturated, excess of that substance?

Back 53

excreted

Front 54

Substances are not reabsorbed if they?

Back 54

-Lack carriers
-Are not lipid soluble
-Are too large to pass through membrane pores

Front 55

Urea, creatinine, and uric acid are the most important?

Back 55

nonreabsorbed substances

Front 56

Substances reabsorbed in PCT include

Back 56

-Sodium, all nutrients, cations, anions, and water
-Urea and lipid-soluble solutes
-Small proteins

Front 57

Loop of Henle reabsorbs:

Back 57

-H2O, Na+, Cl-, K+ in the descending limb
-Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ in the ascending limb

Front 58

DCT absorbs

Back 58

Ca2+, Na+, H+, K+, and water
HCO3- and Cl-

Front 59

Collecting duct absorbs

Back 59

Water and urea

Front 60

Countercurrent exchange system
Contributes to production of?

Back 60

concentrated urine

Front 61

The longer the loop (in Countercurrent Exchange System), the greater the?

Back 61

concentration gradient
(slide 66)

Front 62

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) reduces blood Na+ which:
Decreases? and lowers?

Back 62

blood volume, blood pressure

Front 63

ANP lowers blood Na+ by:
Acting directly on? Counteracting the effects of? Indirectly stimulating an increase in GFR reducing?

Back 63

-medullary ducts to inhibit Na+ reabsorption
-angiotensin II
-H20 reabsorption

Front 64

Tubular secretion is important for:
Disposing of substances not already in?
Eliminating undesirable substances such as?
Ridding the body of excess?
Controlling blood?

Back 64

the filtrate, urea and uric acid, potassium ions, pH

Front 65

Osmolality The number of solute particles dissolved in?

Back 65

1L of water

Front 66

Body fluids are measured in?

Back 66

milliosmols (mOsm)

Front 67

The kidneys keep the solute load of body fluids constant at about?

Back 67

300 mOsm

Front 68

The solute concentration in the loop of Henle ranges from?

Back 68

300 mOsm to 1200 mOsm

Front 69

Dissipation of the medullary osmotic gradient is prevented because the blood in the vasa recta equilibrates with the?

Back 69

interstitial fluid

Front 70

The descending loop of Henle:
Is relatively impermeable to?
Is permeable to?

Back 70

solutes
water

Front 71

The ascending loop of Henle:
Is permeable to?
Is impermeable to?

Back 71

solutes
water

Front 72

Collecting ducts in the deep medullary regions are permeable to?

Back 72

urea

Front 73

The vasa recta is a countercurrent exchanger that Maintains the?

Back 73

osmotic gradient

Front 74

Filtrate is diluted in the?

Back 74

ascending loop of Henle

Front 75

Dilute urine is created by allowing this filtrate to continue into the?

Back 75

renal pelvis

Front 76

dilute urine will happen as long as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not being?

Back 76

secreted

Front 77

during dilution of urine Collecting ducts remain impermeable to? no further water reabsorption occurs

Back 77

water

Front 78

during dilution of urine, Urine osmolality can be as low as?

Back 78

50 mOsm

Front 79

in the formation of concentrated urine, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) inhibits?

Back 79

diuresis

excessive urine production

Front 80

In the presence of ADH, 99% of the water in filtrate is?

Back 80

reabsorbed

Front 81

ADH-dependent water reabsorption is called

Back 81

facultative water reabsorption

Front 82

ADH is the signal to produce

Back 82

concentrated urine

Front 83

Chemicals that enhance the urinary output include Any substance that is not?
Substances that exceed the ability of the?
Substances that inhibit?

Back 83

reabsorbed
- renal tubules to reabsorb it
-Na+ reabsorption

Front 84

Osmotic diuretics include:
High glucose levels – carries water out with the glucose
Alcohol – inhibits the release of?
Caffeine and most diuretic drugs – inhibit?
Lasix and Diuril – inhibit?

Back 84

ADH
-sodium ion reabsorption
-Na+-associated symporters

Front 85

renal clearance is?

Back 85

The volume of plasma that is cleared of a particular substance in a given time

Front 86

Cloudy urine may indicate?

Back 86

infection of the urinary tract

Front 87

Fresh urine is has what type of smell?
Standing urine develops an?

Back 87

slightly aromatic
-ammonia odor

Front 88

pH of urine?

Back 88

Slightly acidic (pH 6) with a range of 4.5 to 8.0

Front 89

Specific gravity of urine

Back 89

Ranges from 1.001 to 1.035

Front 90

urine is made up of how much urine & solutes?

Back 90

95%, 5%

Front 91

what are the Nitrogenous wastes?

Back 91

urea, uric acid, and creatinine

Front 92

Slender tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

Back 92

ureters

Front 93

Ureters enter the base of the bladder through the?

Back 93

posterior wall

Front 94

Ureters actively propel urine to the bladder via response to?

Back 94

smooth muscle stretch

Front 95

Micturition (Voiding or Urination) is?

Back 95

The act of emptying the bladder

Front 96

expansion of bladder walls initiates spinal reflexes that:
Stimulate contraction of the?
Inhibit the?

Back 96

-external urethral sphincter
-detrusor muscle and internal sphincter (temporarily)

Front 97

Voiding (emptying) reflexes Stimulate the? Inhibit the?

Back 97

-detrusor muscle to contract
-internal and external sphincters

Front 98

Urodilatin Inhibits?

Back 98

sodium and water reabsorption

Front 99

Vitamin D is Necessary for the absorption of?

Back 99

calcium and phosphate

Front 100

Erythropoietin is Released when?

Back 100

decreased oxygen to the kidney