Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the area of the kidneys that contains the glomeruli of the nephrons
|
cortex
|
|
|
functional unit of the kidneys
|
nephron
|
|
|
parts of the nephron
|
loop of henle, renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule
|
|
|
Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule together are referred to as the...
|
renal corpuscle
|
|
|
Renin, which is secreted by the JGA, causes the activation of..
|
angiotensin 1
|
|
|
Blood vessels of the kidney are innervated by the...
|
sympathetic nervous system
|
|
|
the end product of protein metabolism excreted in urine
|
urea
|
|
|
determines the final concentration of urine and is secreted by the posterior pituitary
|
ADH
|
|
|
synthesized and secreted by the kidneys, responsible for RBCs, if you have damage to the kidney, that person will have anemia
|
Erythropoietin
|
|
|
Most common type of renal stone is caused by...
|
calcium
|
|
|
How many kidneys does an individual have?
|
2
|
|
|
How many ureters does an individual have?
|
2
|
|
|
tubes that carry the urine down from the functional kidney to the bladder where it is held
|
ureters
|
|
|
A person has 1 bladder. What is the normal volume of bladder content?
|
250-300 cc of urine
|
|
|
Around how many cc does a person feel the need to urinate? And what is this called?
|
400 cc, Micturition
|
|
|
connects the outside of the body to the bladder
|
urethra
|
|
|
Do males or females have a longer urethra? And what problems can this lead to?
|
Males have longer urethra, 18-20 cm. Female 3-4 cm. Leads to UTI in women.
|
|
|
where does the kidney sit in the body?
|
retroperitoneal space
|
|
|
what are some of the functions of the kidney?
|
balances water and solute concentration, helps get rid of waste, conserve nutrients, reuglator of acid-base (responsible for base), secretes renin for BP, secretes erythropoietin, activates Vit D
|
|
|
filtration of the plasma per unit of time, directly related to the perfusion pressure of the glomerular capillaries
|
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
|
|
|
functional unit of the kidney, regulates filtrate to maintain the body fluid volume, continuously filtering
|
nephron
|
|
|
Kidney receives what % of blood every time the heart pumps?
|
20-25%
|
|
|
movement of substances from the plama to the lumen for getting rid of as a waste product
|
tubular secretion
|
|
|
movement of fluids and solutes from the lumen to the plama, hold on to a nutrient
|
tubular reabsorption
|
|
|
A kidney loses its ability to regulate BP if it drops below...
|
70 systolically
|
|
|
water is reabsorbed without the need for ADH
|
Proximal tubule
|
|
|
water is reabsorbed WITH the need for ADH
|
Distal tubule
|
|
|
primary concentration of urine takes place here
|
Loop of Henle
|
|
|
what are diuretics?
|
drugs that make you urinate
|
|
|
What is the normal creatinine level?
|
0.7-1.2
|
|
|
What is the normal GFR level?
|
we want greater than 60 but 125 is normal
|
|
|
What is the best overall indicator of renal function?
|
GFR, then creatinine if no GFR
|
|
|
Why is creatinine a good blood test for the kidney?
|
it is constant (doesn't change whether you are hydrated or not)
|
|
|
What is the normal BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) level?
|
10-20, this is the concentration of urea in the blood
|
|
|
cheapest test to see if there is some type of abnormality
|
Urinalysis
|
|
|
What are some indications of urine abnormality?
|
color-cloudy, dark, glucose and ketone level, specific gravity, clarity, pH, sediments, casts, pus
|
|
|
What is the normal pH of urine?
|
5-6.5
|
|
|
the amount of creatinine cleared from the blood in one minute
|
Creatinine Clearance Test (24 hour urine)
|
|
|
What is the normal Creatinine clearance level?
|
90-130
|
|
|
Age related changes in the renal system include...
|
decreased RBF & GFR, amount of nephrons decrease, tubular transport is affected, drug elmination is delayed, response to acid-base loads are prolonged
|
|
|
What are the 4 major disorders of the kidney?
|
Obstuction, UTI, Glomerular Disorders, and Renal Failure
|
|
|
some sort of decrease in flow, can be at any site along the uniary tract
|
Obstruction
|
|
|
what are the causes of obstruction?
|
kidney stones, tumor, pregnancy, prostate enlargement, trauma
|
|
|
masses of crystals and proteins that are common cause of urinary tract obstruction
|
kidney stone
|
|
|
what are the 3 causes of kidney stones? and what is most common?
|
Calcium (most common), uric acid, and struvite
|
|
|
What are some causes of kidney stones?
|
genetics, Southern states (higher temp=more dehydration)
|
|
|
What is the primary nursing intervention of kidney stones?
|
pain management
|
|
|
clinical manifestations of kidney stones
|
nausea, vomiting, pain starts in back and radiates around to groin, hematuria
|
|
|
Evaluation of kidney stones includes...
|
look at unrine pH (will be higher), increase BUN and creatinine, WBC in urine, abdominal scan, CT scan
|
|
|
Inravenous Pyelogram
|
insert dye and watch to see where dye stops. that is where the obstuction is located. MAKE SURE PATIENT ISN'T ALLERGIC TO DYE
|
|
|
Lithotripsy
|
high pitched waves to bust stone up, then has to pass a lot of small stones
|
|
|
functional UTO that is caused by an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladder
|
Neurogenic bladder
|
|
|
what is Neurogenic bladder often associated with?
|
spinal cord injury
|
|
|
treatment of neurogenic bladder
|
antibiotics for infection
|
|
|
benign tumors that are solid and small, usually surgically removed b/c of ability to metastasize
|
renal adenomas
|
|
|
most common type of renal adenomas
|
renal cell carcinoma
|
|
|
removal of the kidney that is affected
|
radical nephrectomy
|
|
|
how is patient with renal cell carcinoma treated?
|
chemo and radiation, removal of affected kidney (Radical Nephrectomy)
|
|
|
high link to cig smoking, often seen in males 20-40 years old
|
bladder tumors
|
|
|
s/s and diagnosis of bladder tumor
|
usually silent disease, hematuria; diagnosis- cystoscopic exam- look for tumor
|
|
|
treatment of bladder tumor
|
remove tumor, chemo and radiation, come back every 3-5 years
|
|
|
an infection of the bladder
|
cystitis
|
|
|
most common cause of bacterical UTI
|
e-coli and staph
|
|
|
CM of Cystitis
|
bacteria causes infection of bladder wall, tissue inflammed, feel urge to urinate, edema causes the urge
|
|
|
Non-bacterial cystitis
|
all the s/s of cystitis, but urine cultures are negative, put on antibiotic
|
|
|
an infection in the kidney itself (renal pelvis)
|
pyelonephritis
|
|
|
s/s of pyelonephritis
|
much sicker individual, systemic, fever, high WBC count, chills, n/v, pus in urine
|
|
|
you see casts in the urine with what type of UTI
|
Pyelonephritis
|
|
|
persistent or recurring infection of the kidney with inflammation and scarring of the kidney
|
chronic pyelonephritis (UTI)
|
|
|
s/s of Glomerular disorders
|
hypertension, edema, elevated BUN, inflammation of glomerulus
|
|
|
Nephritic sediment
|
more hematuria, mild proteinuria
|
|
|
Nephrotic sediment
|
massive proteinura, no hematuria
|
|
|
post streptococcal, commonly in children 7-10 days after throat infection
|
Acute Glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
effects the basement membranes of the lungs and kidneys, patient will have significant respiratory and kidney probs
|
Good-pasture syndrome
|
|
|
s/s of good-pasture
|
bleeding in kidneys and lungs, massive hematuria
|
|
|
progressive form that develops over a period of time, more commonly than not develops end stage renal disease
|
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
excretion of 3.5 g of protein or more in urine, secondary to a disease such as lupus
|
Nephrotic syndrome
|
|
|
s/s nephrotic syndrome
|
edema formation, low albumin levels which helps keep fluid in the vasculature, hyperlipidemia
|
|
|
diagnosis/Tx of nephrotic syndrome
|
based on protein levels, low albumin levels, hyperlipidemia; manage underlying disease, put on low fat diet, restrict salt, diuresis
|
|
|
decline in renal function to about 25% of normal, GFR 25-30 cc/min
|
renal insufficiency
|
|
|
significant loss of renal function
|
renal failure
|
|
|
when less that 10% of normal kidney function remains
|
End Stage Renal Failure
|
|
|
signs and symptoms of renal failure-or consequences
|
uremia
|
|
|
increased urea levels in the blood
|
azotemia
|
|
|
failure of the kidneys w/out failure to stop making urine; increased creatinine & BUN
|
Nonoliguric failure
|
|
|
abrupt reduction in renal fuction, BP bottomed out for many different reasons, usually reversible
|
Acute Renal Failure
|
|
|
problem above the kidney (BP decrease, shock)
|
Pre-renal failure
|
|
|
problem lies in the kidney such as nephron damage
|
Intra-renal
|
|
|
problem is below the kidneys, on the way outside of the body. usually an obstuction
|
Post-renal
|
|
|
what is the normal cc output of urine per hour?
|
30 cc/hr
|
|
|
progressive, irreversible loss of renal function that affects all body systems
|
chronic renal failure
|
|
|
urinary meatis (male child) is on ventral side of the penis
|
Hypospadias
|
|
|
kidney does not grow in utero, seen on ultrasound
|
Renal aplasia
|
|
|
born without a kidney
|
renal agenesis
|
|
|
most common cancer of children in the UT, highly treatable, horseshoe appearance
|
Wilms Tumor
|
|
|
Bed wetting
|
enuresis
|
|
|
primary enuresis
|
never developed the ability to NOT urinate at night
|
|
|
secondary enuresis
|
have learned not to urinate at night, but start back maybe a year later
|
