Pathophysiology: Immune Response

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Innate Immunity is

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-always present
-attacks nonself microbs
- able to distinguish self from nonself but is unable to distinguish between pathogens
-Does not distinguish between different microbes
-produces an immediate response and serves to control or contain an-infection while the adaptive immune responses are being produced.

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Innate Immunity Mechanisms Include

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Epithelial Barriers (that block entry of infectious agents)
Phagocytic Cells (mainly neutrophils and macrophages)
Plasma Proteins (including members of the complement system and other mediators of inflammation)
Cell messenger Molecules (called cytokines, that regulate and coordinate many of the activities of the cells of innate immunity)

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Cell Messenger Molecules

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called cytokines, that regulate and coordinate many of the activities of the cells of innate immunity

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Adaptive Immunity

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-Second Line of defense
-Attacks specific microbes (antigens)
-Develops after exposure to the specific antigen

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Components of Adaptive Immune System

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white blood cells, called lymphocytes, and their products.

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2 types of adaptive immune responses

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humoral and cell-mediated

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Humoral Immunity

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antibody proteins in the blood that attack the specific antigen

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Cell-mediated immunity

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phagocytic cells that attack the specific antigen

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Regulatory cells control the immune response

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T helper cells
T suppressor cells
Antigen presenting cells

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Effector cells then carry out the attack on the antigen

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T cytotoxic (or T killer) cells
B cells (produce antibodies)
Leukocytes

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antigens are

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are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response.

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antigen-presenting cells tell

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the immune system what to attack

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antigen-presenting cells tell the immune system what to attack by

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1. Eat the invading antigen
2. Break it down into pieces called epitopes
3. Put epitopes on the cell surface, attached to MHC II proteins