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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acute Pericarditis
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Inflammation of the pericardium lasting around 2 weeks
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Chronic Pericarditis
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Long term inflammation of the pericardium
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Effusion
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Increase in fluid in the pericardial space
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Coronary Artery Disease
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Impairment of coronary blood flow
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Myocardial Infarction
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Interruption of cardiac flow
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Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease
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Reduced blood supply to the heart muscle
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Cardiomyopathy
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A mechanical or electrical dysfunction of the heart
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
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Enlargement in muscle mass of the left ventricle
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Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
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Replacement of myocytes with fatty tissue in the right ventricle
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Left Ventricular Noncompaction
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Enlargement due to problems with embryonic development
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Ion Channelopathy
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Dysfunction caused by an ion channel mutation
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Dilated Cardiomyopathy
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Enlargement and stretching of the heart
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Restricted Cardiomyopathy
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Decreased ventricular filling due to rigidity or noncompliance
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Myocarditis
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Acquired inflammation of the heart
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Infective Endocarditis
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Inflammation of the inner heart lining or valves caused by microbial colonization
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Rheumatic Heart Disease
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Damage caused by antigenic mimicry
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Mitral Valve Stenosis
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Failure of mitral valve leaflets to open properly
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Mitral Valve Regurgitation
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Incomplete closure of the mitral valve
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Mitral Valve Prolapse
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Displacement of thickened mitral leaflet into left atrium during systole
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Aortic Valve Stenosis
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Incomplete opening of the aortic valve
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Aortic Valve Regurgitation
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Incomplete closing of the aortic valve
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Stable Angina
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Fixed obstruction that causes deficits to metabolic demands
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Variant Angina
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Ischemic damage occurs during rest
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Silent Ischemia
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Ischemia in the absense of angina
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Dysphagia
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Difficulty or pain during swallowing
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Hernia
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Protrusion of tissue through a muscular wall
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
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Backward movement of gastric contents into esophagus
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Esophageal Cancer
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Carcinoma of the esophagus
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Acute Gastritis
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Inflammation of the gastric mucosa
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Peptic Ulcer
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Ulcer affecting one or all layers of the stomach or duodenum
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Gastric Carcinoma
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Stomach cancer
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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Chronic and recurrent intestinal symptoms unexplained by structural or biochemical properties
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Ulcerative Colitis
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Nonspecific inflammatory condition of the colon
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Chron's Disease
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Recurrent granulomatous inflammation affecting the GI tract
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Infectious Enterocolitis
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Inflammation of the small intestine and colon caused by a microbial agent
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Diverticulitis
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Mucosal layer of colon herniates through muscularis layer
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Appendicitis
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Appendix becomes inflammed, swollen and gangrenous
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Acute Diarrhea
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Excessively frequent passage of stools for less than 2 weeks
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Chronic Diarrhea
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Excessvely frequent passage of stools for 3 to 4 weeks
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Constipation
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Infrequent or difficult passage of stools
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Fecal Impaction
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Retention of hardened stools in the colon and rectum
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Peritonitis
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Inflammation of the membrane lining the abdominal cavity
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Steatorrhea
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Inability to absorb fats
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Celiac Disease
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Immune disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten
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Adenomatous Polyps
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Benign neoplasms of the intestinal epithelium
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Colorectal Cancer
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Cancer of the colon and rectum
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Cholestasis
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A decrease in bile flow
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Jaundice
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High levels of bilirubin in blood
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Drug Induced Hepatic Disease
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Liver damage caused by drugs and environmental chemicals
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Acute Hepatitis
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Short term inflammation of the liver
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Chronic Hepatitis
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Long term inflammation of the liver (more than 3 months)
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Biliary Cirrhosis
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Replacement of bile ducts with fibrous scar tissue
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Ethanol Hepatic Disease
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Liver damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption
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Cirrhosis
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Replacement of functioning liver with fibrous scar tissue
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Portal Hypertension
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Sustained portal vein pressure above 12 mm Hg
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Cancer of liver cells
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Cholangiocarcinoma
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Cancer of the epithelial cells that line the bile ducts
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Metastatic Tumors
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Spreading of tumors to the liver
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Cholelithiasis
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Precipitation of substances found in the bile (gall stones)
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Cholecystitis
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Inflammation of the gall bladder
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Choledocholithiasis
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Stones in the common bile duct
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Cholangitis
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Inflammation of the common bile duct
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Acute Pancreatitis
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Reversible autodigestion of pancreatic tissue by activated enzymes
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Chronic Pancreatitis
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Progressive destruction of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas
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Pancreatic Cancer
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Cancer of the acinar cells in the exocrine pancreas
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Neutropenia
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Abnormally low number of neutrophils
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Infectious Mononucleosis
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Self limiting viral infection that causes an increase in leukocytes
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Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
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Group of cancers that arise in multiple nodes and spread to various tissues
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Hodgkin Lymphomas
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Group of cancers that arise in a single node and then spread to neighboring nodes
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Acute Leukemias
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Cancers of hematopoietic progenitor cells
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Chronic Leukemias
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Cancers of more fully differentiated myeloid and lymphoid cells
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Leukostasis
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White blood cell counts increase to where blood flow is affected
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Multiple Myeloma
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Proliferation of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow
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Transient Hypoglobulinemia
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Immune cells cannot undergo class switching
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X-Linked Hypogammaglobulinemia
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Pre B cells cannot differentiate into mature B cells
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Common Variable Immunodeficiency
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Plasma cells cannot be generated
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IgG Subclass Deficiency
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Cannot differentiate into IgG subclasses
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DiGeorge Syndrome
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Failure of the thymus to develop
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X-Linked Immunodeficiency with Hyper IgM
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Low IgG & IgA
High IgM |
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Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder
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Low T cell function
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Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder (SCIDs)
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Absent T cell function
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Complement Dysfunction
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Absence or alterations in complement proteins
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Chronic Granulomatous Disease
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Failure of phagocytes to produce respiratory burst
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Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
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Neutrophils cannot degranulate
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Host vs Graft
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Host immune system rejects graft organ
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Graft vs Host
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Graft organ rejects host environment
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Hypercholesterolemia
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Presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood
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Atherosclerosis
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Formation of fibrofatty lesions in the lining of the large arteries due to cholesterol
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Small Vessel Vasculitis
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Inflammatory injury and necrosis of small vessels
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Medium Vessel Vasculitis (Polyarteritis Nodosa)
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Inflammation of medium vessels
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Large Vessel Vasculitis (Giant Cell)
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Inflammation of large vessels
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Acute Arteriole Occlusion
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Interruption of arteriole flow
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Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease
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Vessel occlusion caused by atherosclerotic plaques
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Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger Disease)
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Inflammatory inflammatory disease causing thrombus formation
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Raynaud's Disease
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Arteriole occlusion of the digits
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Aneurysm
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Abnormal localized dilation of a blood vessel
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Aortic Dissection
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Rupture of arteriole wall forming a blood pocket
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Vericose Veins
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Impairment of venous blood flow
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Chronic Venous Insufficiency
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Long term impairment of venous blood flow
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Venous Thrombosis
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Presence of a thrombus in a vein that causes an inflammatory response
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Primary Hypertension
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High blood pressure with no identifiable cause
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Secondary Hypertension
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High blood pressure due to another disease or condition
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Orthostatic Hypotension
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Low blood pressure associated with a change in body position
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Erythropoiesis
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The production of red blood cells
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Erythropoietin
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Preceursor for RBC that is released from the liver and kidneys in response to low oxygen levels
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Unconjugated bilirubin
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Plasma insoluble product that results from indirect bilirubin degradation
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Conjugated bilirubin
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Plasma soluble product made by the liver that is attached to a gluconuride
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Right shift on a hemoglobin binding curve
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Decrease in pH
Increase in temperature Increase in 2,3DPG |
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Left shift on a hemoglobin binding curve
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Increase in pH
Decrease in temperature Decrease in 2,3DPG |
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Mean corpuscular volume
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Reflects the volume or size of the red blood cells
Decreases in microcytic anemia Increases in macrocytic anemia |
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Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
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Reflects the concentration of hemoglobin in eaach cell
Hypochromic: lightly colored Normochromic: normal colored |
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Anemia
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A decrease in red blood cells or a decrease in hemoglobin
Manifestations: dyspnea, angina, cramps, pallow, heart failure and tachycardia |
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Acute Blood Loss Anemia
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Bleeding due to trauma
Cells are normocytic and normochromic |
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Chronic Blood Loss Anemia
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Slow blood loss over a long period of time
Cells are microcytic and hypochromic |
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Hemolytic Anemia
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Premature destruction of red blood cells
Cells are normocytic and normochromic |
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Spherocytosis
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Inherited hemolytic anemia caused by a mishaped RBC membrane (marble shaped instead of bioconcave)
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Inherited hemolytic anemia caused by a glutamate to valine amino acid change
*More prevalent in African American populations |
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Thalacemia
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Inherited hemolytic anemia caused by deficient synthesis of the hemoglobin alpha or beta chains
*More prevalent in Mediterannean populations |
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Reacting Antibodies Anemia
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Acquired anemia
Warm (IgG max 37 degrees) Cold (IgM max 4 degrees) |
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Decreased formation of hemoglobin limits RBC formation
Cells are microcytic and hypochromic Pica: desire to eat dirt |
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Megaloblastic Anemia
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Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency
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Aplastic Anemia
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Stem cell disorder that results in a reduction of all three hematopoietic cell lines
Causes: neoplasia, chemical, infection or idiopathic |
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Chronic Disease Anemias
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Anemia that occurs as a result of chronic infections, inflammation or cancer
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Polycythemia
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A high total red blood cell mass
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Relative Polycythemia
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A rise in hematocrit due to a loss of plasma volume
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Absolute Polycythemia
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A rise in hematocrit due to an increase in total red blood cell mass
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Primary Polycythemia (Polycythemia Vera)
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Neoplastic disease characterized by an absolute increase in RBC, WBC and platelet counts
Patients have thick blood Treatment is bleeding |
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Secondary Polycythemia
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An increase in the level of erythropoetin accompanied by a compensatory response to hypoxia
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Acute Inflammation
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Early reaction of local tissues and their blood vessels to injury
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Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
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Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat) Tumor (swelling) Dolor (pain) Function laesa (loss of function) |
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Two Phases of Inflammation
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1. Vascular: changes in small blood vessels at the site of injury
2. Cellular: changes in the lining of vasculature and movement of phagocytic cells into the area of injury of infection |
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Stages of Cellular Inflammation
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1. Margination
2. Transmigration 3. Chemotaxis 4. Phagocytosis |
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Erythrocyte Segmentation Rate (ESR)
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Looks at how much time is takes for erythrocytes to fall out of solution in a column
The faster they fall the more likely there is a problem |
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Serous Exudate
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Watery fluids low in protein content (ex: water blister)
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Hemorrhagic Exudate
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Result of severe tissue injury that damages blood vessels (ex: blood blister)
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Fibrinous Exudate
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Contains large amounts of fibrinogen and forms a thick and sticky meshwork (seen in internal organs)
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Membranous Exudate
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Necrotic cells located on mucous membranes
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Purulnt
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Contains pus
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Ulceration
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Site of inflammation where an epithelial surface has become necrotic and eroded
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Chronic Inflammation
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Self perpetuating inflammation that may last for weeks, months or even years
Involves proliferation of fibroblasts instead of exudates |
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Nonspecific Chronic Inflammation
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Diffuse accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes at the site of injury
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Granulomatous Chronic Inflammation
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Confined mass of macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes
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Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation
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Increased ESR
Increased fibrinogen Increased C reactive protein Leukocytosis/Leukopenia Muscle catabolism Fever Anorexia Malaise |
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Parenchymal Tissue
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Contains the functioning cells of an organ or body part
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Stromal Tissue
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Consists of supporting connective tissues, blood vessels extracellular matrix and nerve fibers
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Tissue Regeneration
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Replacement of injured tissue with functional tissue
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Labile Cells
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Cells continue to divide and replicate until death
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Stable Cells
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Cells stop dividing once growth ceases
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Permanent Cells
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Cells are unable to undergo mitotic division
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Tissue Repair
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Replacement of nonfunctional cells with connective tissue
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Granulation Tissue
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Bright red and moist connective tissue that contains newly formed capillaries, fibroblasts and residual inflammatory cells
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Primary Intention
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No tissue is lost
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Secondary Intention
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Tissue is lost
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Phases of Wound Healing
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1. Inflammatory: occurs at the time of injury and prepares the tissue for healing
2. Proliferative: focus is on building new tissue to fill the wound space 3. Remodeling: architecture of scar is reorientated to increase the strength of the wound |
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Keloids
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Tumor like masses caused by excessive production of scar tissue that are produced during remodeling
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Proud Flesh
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Occurs when a wound keeps getting reopened while trying to heal
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Factors that Influence Wound Healing
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Malnutrition
Blood Flow Oxygen Delivery Infections Medical Comorbidities |
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Hemostasis
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Stoppage of blood flow
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Stages of Hemostasis
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1. Vessel spasm
2. Formation of platelet plug 3. Blood coagulation 4. Clot retraction 5. Clot dissolution |
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Antithrombin III
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Anticoagulant that inactivates coagulation factors and neutralizes thrombin
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Protein C
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Anticoagulant that inactivates factors 5 and 8
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Protein S
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Anticoagulant that accelerates the action of protein C
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Warfarin
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Anticoagulant that decreases prothrombin and other procoagulation factors
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Heparin
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Anticoagulant that increases tha ability of antithrombin III to inactivate thrombin
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Hemophilia A
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Associated with a decrease in factor 8
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Hemophilia B
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Associated with a decrease in factor 9
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Thrombocytosis
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Increase in platelet count above 1,000,000/microliter
Primary: caused by bone marrow disorders Secondary: caused by disease states |
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Inherited Hypercoagulation
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Mutant factor 5a cannot be inactivated by protein C (affects 2 to 15% whites)
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Acquired Hypercoagulation
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Caused by prolonged immobility, MI, cancer, hyperestrogenic states, oral contraceptives, obesity, smoking, lupus and endothelial damage
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Petechia
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A pinpoint red or purple spot containing blood that appears in the skin or mucous membranes
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Ecchymosis
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Ruptured blood vessels marked by a livid black and blue or purple spot
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Purpura
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Patches of purple skin discolorations resulting from extravasation of blood into the skin and mucous membranes (bruise)
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Hematoma
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Clotted blood that forms in a tissue or organ (large bruise)
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Thrombocytopenia
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A decrease in platelet number less than 100,000/uL
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Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
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Excess destruction of platelets
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Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
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Combination of thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, renal failure, fever and neurologic abnormalities
Causes: structurally weak blood vessels Manifestations: ease of bruising, bleeding from gums, melina, arthralgia, myalgia and hypermenorrhea |
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Thrombocytopathia
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Impaired platelet function
Causes: inherited, drugs (aspirin or NSAIDs), disease or surgery |
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von Willenbrand Disease
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Caused by von Willebrand factor deficiency (not as severe as hemophilia)
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Disseminated Intravasscular Coagulation
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Widespread coagulation and bleeding in the vascular compartment
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Totipotent Cell
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Produced by the fertilization of an egg (can become any cell in the body)
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Multipotent Cell
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Gives rise to only a few other cell types
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Unipotent Cell
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Gives rise to only one cell type
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Tumor
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Swelling that can be caused by a number of conditions
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Benign
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Abnormal cell growth that is well encapsulated
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Malignant
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Widespread abnormal growth
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Carcinoma
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Functional and malignant
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Sarcoma
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Supportive and malignant
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Growth Fraction
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Ratio of dividing to non-dividing cells
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Doubling Time
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Length of time it takes for the total mass of cells in a tumor to double
30 before detection 35 before death |
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Proto-oncogenes
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Normal genes that become oncogenes if mutated
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Tumor suppressor genes
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cancer results from these genes becoming less active
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Epigenetic Mechanism
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Changes in the pattern of gene expression not accompanied by changes in DNA
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Phases of Cancer
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1. Initiation: exposure of cells to carcinogens that make them susceptible to transformation
2. Promotion: beginning of unregulated growth in initiated cells 3. Progression: tumor cells acquire malignant phenotypic changes |
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Complete Carcinogen
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Can initiate and promote neoplastic transformation (ex: sunlight)
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Incomplete Carcinogen
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Only causes initiation
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Clinical Manifestations of Cancer
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Cachexia
Anorexia Fatigue & Sleep disorders Wasting Decreased tissue integrity Paraneoplastic syndromes |
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Atrophy
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Cells decrease in size
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Hypertrophy
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Cells increase in size and functioning tissue mass
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Hyperplasia
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Increase in cell number
Hormonal: breast enlargement due to pregnancy Compensatory: wound healing Nonphysiologic: BPH |
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Metaplasia
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Reversible change from one adult cell type to another
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Dysplasia
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Deranged cell growth that results in cells that vary in size, shape and organization
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Anaplasia
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Cell reversion characterized by no distinct cell characteristics
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Dystrophic Calcification
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Macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in injured tissue
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Metastatic Calcification
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Calcification that occurs in normal tissue as a result of hypercalcemia (caused by renal failure)
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Liquefaction Necrosis
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Occurs when some cells die but thei catalytic enzymes are not destroyed (abscess)
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Coagulation Necrosis
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Acidosis develops and denatures structural proteins (MI)
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Caseous Necrosis
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Dead cells persist as soft cheeselike debris (TB)
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Dry Gangrene
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Related to an obstruction of arteriole blood flow
Common in diabetics Generally no infections |
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Wet Gangrene
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Related to an obstruction in venous blood flow
Vericose Veins Associated with infections |
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Gas Gangrene
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Results from infection of dead tissue
Common cause is dirty penetrating wounds Very difficult to treat without amputation |
