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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Pathophysiology?
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The study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes
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What is disease?
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Any process that causes the inability of an individual to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis
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What is etiology?
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The cause of a disease including both intrinsic and extrinsic factors
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What happens to a cell during Atrophy?
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Cells decrease in size, tissues waste away
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What are some causes of Atrophy?
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Inactivity, lack of nutrition, aging, Actions (or lack) of hormones
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What is Hypertrophy?
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Cells increase in size
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What are some causes of Hypertrophy?
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Increase in workload, excessive hormonal stimulation
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What is Hyperplasia?
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Increase in the number of cells, (NOT SIZE)
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What are some causes of Hyperplasia?
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Mechanism for increased metabolic demands, excessive hormonal stimulation
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What is Metaplasia?
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When one type of cell is replaced by another type of cell
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What are some causes of Metaplasia?
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Vitamin A deficit, Adaptive mechanism to replace a more vunerable cell type for a stronger one
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What is Dysplasia?
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Cells mature abnormally such that cells vary in shape and size, often have large nuclei, rate of mitosis is increased
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What are some causes of Dysplasia?
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Chronic irritation due to infection, pre-cancerous stage
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What is Anaplasia?
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Cells become undifferentiated (Immature)
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What is Anaplasia associated with?
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Maligancy
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What is a Neoplasm?
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New Growth, becomes a lump or tumor
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How are Neoplasms caused?
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Cells ignore the normal controls of cell division
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Describe a benign tumor
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Cells remain in a compact, incapsulated, local mass, pushing the other cells in that area aside, grows slowly, does not effect tissue function
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Describe a malignant tumor
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Cancer! Grows relentlessly and very fast invading other tissues, cells are immature, no tissue function and the cells are resistant to apoptosis
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Identify some changes that lead to the development of malignancies (Cancer)
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Radiation, Certain virus infections, chronic inflammation, carcinogins (tabacco), DNA mutation
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List five ways cells become injured
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Ischemia or Hypoxia, physical injury (i.e. crushing, cutting, burning freezing), toxic exposure, pH imbalances, Bacteria or virus or fungi
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How might morphological changes occur in a damaged cell?
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Cellular swelling due to loss of volume control, this results in changes in tissue size, weight and appearence
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What is Apoptosis?
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Programmed Cell death
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What is Necrosis?
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Cell death in tissue/organ of a living person, the death is unregulated, cell and its contents swell, the cell ruptures and the contents leak out
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What are some problems following Necrosis?
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Release of intracellular material to extracellular causes inflammation, necrosis interferes with replacement cells and the healing process,
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What happens during the Apoptosis cell death process?
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Cell shrinks up and digests itself via its own enzymes, does not interfere with cell replacement or surrounding tissue, DNA and nucleus are degraded
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What is Phosphatidylserine?
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It is a Phospholipid that is normally hidden in the plasma membrane, it is released during apoptosis and is bound by receptors to phagocytic cells to engulf the fragments
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What is Caspases?
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It is an enzyme that is released by the mitochodria in apoptosis, it helps to breakdown DNA
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What is Liquefaction Necrosis?
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Cells die but their lysosomal enzymes are not and they leak out and liquify the tissue
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What is coagulative Necrosis?
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Acidosis develops and proteins are denatured and coagulate, fat tissue can also be broken down into fatty acids
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What is Caseous Necrosis?
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A form of coagulation necrosis that has a yellow cheesy look.
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What is Infarction?
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Area of cell death caused by lack of O2
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What is Gangrene?
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Considerable area of Necrotic tissue present
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List three treatments for Necrosis
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Antibiotics, Amputation (or just getting rid of necrotic tissue), Maggots
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What is Sequelae of Necrosis?
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Loss of function, if the tissue is within an organ then the organ may lose function, leaking of cell enzymes into bloodstream, replacement of functional tissue with scar tissue, somatic death
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What are two enzymes leaked into the bloodstream by sequelae of necrosis?
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CPK-Creatine Phosphokinase and LDH-Lactic Dehydrogenase
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When and where may pathologic calcifiction occur?
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Occurs when necrotic tissue is not cleared or removed from organ or tissue then connective fibrous tissue replaces, then calcium deposits occur. These calcium deposits tend to block ducts and cause pain-kidney stones
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What is somatic death?
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Death of entire organism, no electrical activity of the brain
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What are some changes that occur after somatic death?
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Body temperature drops, blood coagulated and pools, autolysis (destruction of cells throught their own enzymes), and putrefaction (Decomposition of proteins and bacteria - odor)
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What is dry gangrene?
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Affected necrotic tissue area becomes brown or black, spreads slow, usually only effects extremities, there is a line between healthy and non healthy tissue, usually doesnt involve bacteria invasion
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