Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Study Guide

Front 1

___ is composed of water, proteins, neutral fats, and glycogen.

Back 1

Cytoplasm is composed of water, proteins, neural fats, and glycogen.

Front 2

All __ cells have a nucleus whereas ___ cells do not.

Back 2

All eukaryotic cells have a nucleus whereas prokaryotic cells do not.

Front 3

The nucleus contains ___, which serves as the template for making all the ___, which is later used to direct the synthesis of ___ in the cytoplasm.

Back 3

The nucleus contains DNA, which serves as the template for making all the RNA, which is later used to direct the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm.

Front 4

Ribosomes serve as the site for ___ synthesis in the cytoplasm.

Back 4

Ribosomes serves as the site for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

Front 5

___ endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes attached to specific binding sites on the membrane.

Back 5

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes attached to specific binding sites on the membrane.

Front 6

The ___ complex modifies proteins and packages them into secretory granules bound for the membrane.

Back 6

The Golgi complex modifies proteins and packages them into secretory granules bound for the membrane.

Front 7

__ contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes that are used to break down excess and worn-out cell parts as well as foreign substances.

Back 7

Lysosomes contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes that are used to break down excess worn-out cell parts as well as foreign substances.

Front 8

Peroxisomes contain a special enzyme that degrades ___.

Back 8

Peroxisomes contain a special enzyme that degrades peroxides.

Front 9

Mitochondria are the site of cellular ____, the product of which is the formation of ____.

Back 9

Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration, the product of which is the formation of ATP.

Front 10

Transport along the axon of neuronal cells takes place along the primary cytoskeletal component ____.

Back 10

Transport along the axon of neuronal cells takes place along the primary cytoskeletal component microtubules.

Front 11

Actin and myosin are examples of functional ___ within muscle cells.

Back 11

Actin and myosin are examples of functional microfilaments within muscle cells.

Front 12

Integral proteins span the entire lipid bilayer whereas ___ proteins are bound to one side of the membrane or the other.

Back 12

Integral proteins span the entire lipid bilayer whereas peripheral proteins are bound to one side of the membrane or the other.

Front 13

The four tissues of the body are ___, ____, ____, and ____.

Back 13

The four tissues of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and neuronal.

Front 14

The differences in permeability of ___ is responsible for the generation of membrane potential. Permeability is regulated by ion channels.

Back 14

The differences in permeability of ion is responsible for the generation of membrane potential. Permeability is regulated by ion channels.

Front 15

Of the four tissue types, only ___ and ___ tissue is excitable.

Back 15

Of the four tissue types, only muscle and neural tissue is excitable.

Front 16

tRNA

Back 16

transfer RNA

Front 17

Flagella

Back 17

Sperm motility

Front 18

Tubulin

Back 18

Protein subunit of microtubules

Front 19

Glycocalyx

Back 19

carbohydrate and protein layer that participates in cell recognition.

Front 20

G protein

Back 20

second messenger that mediates cellular responses

Front 21

Smooth ER

Back 21

site of synthesis of lipid molecules

Front 22

Mitochondria

Back 22

site of aerobic respiration

Front 23

Centrioles

Back 23

division of cells following mitosis

Front 24

Proteasomes

Back 24

organelle that metabolizes misfolded proteins

Front 25

First messenger

Back 25

hormone or neurotransmitter

Front 26

Diffusion

Back 26

passive movement of solute down the concentration gradient

Front 27

Osmosis

Back 27

the diffusion of water

Front 28

Active transport

Back 28

any type of transport across the cell membrane that requires energy as it moves material against the concentration gradient.

Front 29

Passive transport

Back 29

any type of transport across the cell membrane that does not require energy

Front 30

Cotransport

Back 30

the coupling of the transport of one solute to a second solute

Front 31

Facilitated diffusion

Back 31

transport across the cell membrane through a protein channel that does not require ATP.

Front 32

Primary active transport

Back 32

direct use of ATP in the transport of a solute.

Front 33

Secondary active transport

Back 33

utilization of the energy derived from the primary active transport of one solute for the cotransport of a second solute.

Front 34

Counter transport

Back 34

secondary active transport in which substances are moved in the opposite direction.

Front 35

Symport

Back 35

secondary active transport in which substances are moved in the same direction

Front 36

There are two forms of endplasmic reticulum (ER) found in a cell. They are the rough and the smooth ER. What does the rough ER do in a cell?

Back 36

Produces proteins.
Rough ER is studded with ribosomes attached to specific binding sites on the membrane. Proteins produced by the rough ER are usually destined for incorporation into cell membranes and lysosomal enzymes or for exportation from the cell. The rough ER segregates (rather than combines) these proteins from other components of the cytoplasm and modifies their structure for a specific function. Rough ER does not transport anything through the cell membrane. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes; it does not destroy them.

Front 37

The Golgi complex, or Golgi bodies, consists of stacks of thin, flattened vesicles or sacs within the cell. These Golgi bodies are found near the nucleus and function in association with the ER. What is one purpose of the Golgi complex?

Back 37

Receive proteins and other substances from the cell surface by a retrograde transport mechanism.
Recent data suggest that the Golgi apparatus has yet another function; it can receive proteins and other substances from the cell surface by a retrograde transport mechanism. Golgi bodies do not produce bile. They produce secretory, not excretory, granules and they produce large carbohydrate molecules rather than small ones.

Front 38

In Tay-Sachs disease, an autosomal recessive disorder, hexosaminidase A, which is the lysosomal enzyme needed for degrading the GM2 ganglioside found in nerve cell membranes, is deficient. Although GM2 ganglioside accumulates in many tissues, where does it do the most harm?

Back 38

Nervous system and retinas.
Although GM2 ganglioside accumulates in many tissues, such as the heart, liver, and spleen, its accumulation in the nervous system and retina of the eye causes the most damage.

Front 39

The mitochondria are literally the "power plants" of the cell because they transform organic compounds into energy that is easily accessible to the cell. What do the mitochondria do?

Back 39

Extracts energy from organic compounds.
They do not make energy, but they extract it from organic compounds. Proteasomes are small organelles composed of protein complexes that are thought to be present in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. They are not formed by mitochondria. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes and are self-replicating.

Front 40

The cell membrane is also called what?

Back 40

Plasma membrane.
The cell membrane is often called the plasma membrane. The nuclear membrane is another type of membrane within the cell. The cell membrane provides receptors for hormones and other biologically active substances; it is not a receptor membrane. A main structural component of the membrane is its lipid bilayer. It is not a bilayer membrane.

Front 41

Some messengers, such as thyroid hormone and steroid hormones, do not bind to membrane receptors but move directly across the lipid layer of the cell membrane and are carried to the cell nucleus. What do they do at the cell nucleus?

Back 41

Influence DNA activity.
At the membrane of the cell nucleus both thyroid and steroid hormones cross into the cell nucleus itself where they influence DNA activity. Ion-channel-linked receptors transiently open or close ion channels. Thyroid and steroid hormones act within the cell nucleus to increase transcription of mRNA to alter cell function.

Front 42

The Krebs cycle provides a common pathway for the metabolism of nutrients by the body. The Krebs cycle forms two pyruvate molecules. Each of the two pyruvate molecules formed in the cytoplasm from one molecule of glucose yields another molecule of what?

Back 42

ATP.
Each of the two pyruvate molecules formed in the cytoplasm from one molecule of glucose yields another molecule of ATP, which is a special carrier for cellular energy. FAD, or flavin adenine dinucleotide, is a coenzyme of protein metabolism that accepts electrons and is reduced. NADH + H+ is an end product of glycolysis. The electron transport chain oxidizes NADH + H+, and FADH2 and donates the electrons to oxygen, which is reduced to water.

Front 43

When cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient, the process is called what?

Back 43

Active Transport.
Active transport is what happens when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient. Passive transport is another term for diffusion. There is no such thing as neutral transport. Cotransport is when the sodium ion and the solute are transported in the same direction.

Front 44

Groups of cells that are closely associated in structure and have common or similar functions are called tissues. What are the types of tissue in the human body?

Back 44

Connective and muscle tissue.
Four categories of tissue exist: (1) epithelium, (2) connective (supportive) tissue, (3) muscle, and (4) nerve. Binding, connecting, and exothelium tissue are not categories of tissue.

Front 45

Endocrine glands are epithelial structures that have had their connection with the surface obliterated during development. How are these glands described?

Back 45

Ductless and produce secretions.
These glands are ductless and produce secretions (i.e. hormones) that move directly into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands retain their connection with the surface epithelium from which they originated. This connection takes the form of epithelium-lined tubular ducts through which the secretions pass to reach the surface. Exocytosis occurs when part of the cell membrane ruptures to release particles that are too large to pass through the cell membrane. These cells are ductless, but do not necessarily secrete their contents into the bloodstream.

Front 46

Each skeletal muscle is a discrete organ made up of hundreds or thousands of muscle fibers. Although muscle fibers predominate, substantial amounts of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers are also present. What happens during muscle contraction?

Back 46

The thick myosin and thin acti filaments slide over each other, causing shortening of the muscle fiber.
Thin and thick filaments are two types of muscle fibers that are responsible for muscle contraction. The thin filaments are composed primarily of actin and the thick filaments are composed of myosin. During muscle contraction, the thick myosin and thin actin filaments slide over each other, causing shortening of the muscle fiber, although the length of the individual thick and thin filaments remains unchanged. When activated by ATP, the cross-bridges swivel in a fixed arc, much like the oars of a boat, as they become attached to the actin filament. During contraction, each cross-bridge undergoes its own cycle of movement, forming a bridge attachment and releasing it, moving to another site where the same sequence of movement occurs. This pulls the thin and thick filaments past each other. The calcium-calmodulin complex is in smooth muscle. It binds to and activates the myosin-containing thick filaments, which interact with actin.

Front 47

The three main parts of a cell are the nucleus, the ___, and the cell membrane.

Back 47

Cytoplasm.
When seen under a light microscope, three major components of the cell become evident; the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the cell membrane.

Front 48

Bilirubin is a normal major pigment of bile; its excess accumulation within cells is evidenced clinically by a yellowish discoloration of the skin and sclera, a condition called _____.

Back 48

Jaundice.
When bilirubin collects within the cells, they take on a yellowish color, which is called jaundice.

Front 49

Cells in mutlicellular organisms need to communicate with one another to coordinate their function and control their growth. The human body has several means of transmitting information between cells, what are they?

Back 49

Direct communication between adjacent cells, autocrine and paracrine signaling, endocrine or synaptic signaling.
The human body has several means of transmitting information between cells. These mechanisms include direct communication between adjacent cells through gap junctions, autocrine, and paracrine signaling, and endocrine or synaptic signaling. There is no such thing as express communication between cells.

Front 50

The human body has nondividing cells that have left the cell cycle and are not capable of mitotic division once an infant is born. What are the nondividing cells?

Back 50

Neurons, Skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells.
Nondividing cells, such as neurons and skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, have left the cell cycle and are not capable of mitotic division in postnatal life. The cells that produce mucous are capable of mitotic division. Smooth muscle is often called involuntary muscle because it contracts spontaneously or through activity of the autonomic nervous system.

Front 51

Smooth muscle is often called ___ muscle because it contracts spontaneously or through activity of the autonomic nervous system.

Back 51

Smooth muscle is often called involuntary muscle because it contracts spontaneously or through activity of the autonomic nervous system.
Three types of muscle tissue exist: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Smooth muscle is often called involuntary muscle because it contracts without the person willing it to contract.