Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Gould

Front 1

What is Pathophysiology?

Back 1

The study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes

Front 2

What is disease?

Back 2

Any process that causes the inability of an individual to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis

Front 3

What is etiology?

Back 3

The cause of a disease including both intrinsic and extrinsic factors

Front 4

What happens to a cell during Atrophy?

Back 4

Cells decrease in size, tissues waste away

Front 5

What are some causes of Atrophy?

Back 5

Inactivity, lack of nutrition, aging, Actions (or lack) of hormones

Front 6

What is Hypertrophy?

Back 6

Cells increase in size

Front 7

What are some causes of Hypertrophy?

Back 7

Increase in workload, excessive hormonal stimulation

Front 8

What is Hyperplasia?

Back 8

Increase in the number of cells, (NOT SIZE)

Front 9

What are some causes of Hyperplasia?

Back 9

Mechanism for increased metabolic demands, excessive hormonal stimulation

Front 10

What is Metaplasia?

Back 10

When one type of cell is replaced by another type of cell

Front 11

What are some causes of Metaplasia?

Back 11

Vitamin A deficit, Adaptive mechanism to replace a more vunerable cell type for a stronger one

Front 12

What is Dysplasia?

Back 12

Cells mature abnormally such that cells vary in shape and size, often have large nuclei, rate of mitosis is increased

Front 13

What are some causes of Dysplasia?

Back 13

Chronic irritation due to infection, pre-cancerous stage

Front 14

What is Anaplasia?

Back 14

Cells become undifferentiated (Immature)

Front 15

What is Anaplasia associated with?

Back 15

Maligancy

Front 16

What is a Neoplasm?

Back 16

New Growth, becomes a lump or tumor

Front 17

How are Neoplasms caused?

Back 17

Cells ignore the normal controls of cell division

Front 18

Describe a benign tumor

Back 18

Cells remain in a compact, incapsulated, local mass, pushing the other cells in that area aside, grows slowly, does not effect tissue function

Front 19

Describe a malignant tumor

Back 19

Cancer! Grows relentlessly and very fast invading other tissues, cells are immature, no tissue function and the cells are resistant to apoptosis

Front 20

Identify some changes that lead to the development of malignancies (Cancer)

Back 20

Radiation, Certain virus infections, chronic inflammation, carcinogins (tabacco), DNA mutation

Front 21

List five ways cells become injured

Back 21

Ischemia or Hypoxia, physical injury (i.e. crushing, cutting, burning freezing), toxic exposure, pH imbalances, Bacteria or virus or fungi

Front 22

How might morphological changes occur in a damaged cell?

Back 22

Cellular swelling due to loss of volume control, this results in changes in tissue size, weight and appearence

Front 23

What is Apoptosis?

Back 23

Programmed Cell death

Front 24

What is Necrosis?

Back 24

Cell death in tissue/organ of a living person, the death is unregulated, cell and its contents swell, the cell ruptures and the contents leak out

Front 25

What are some problems following Necrosis?

Back 25

Release of intracellular material to extracellular causes inflammation, necrosis interferes with replacement cells and the healing process,

Front 26

What happens during the Apoptosis cell death process?

Back 26

Cell shrinks up and digests itself via its own enzymes, does not interfere with cell replacement or surrounding tissue, DNA and nucleus are degraded

Front 27

What is Phosphatidylserine?

Back 27

It is a Phospholipid that is normally hidden in the plasma membrane, it is released during apoptosis and is bound by receptors to phagocytic cells to engulf the fragments

Front 28

What is Caspases?

Back 28

It is an enzyme that is released by the mitochodria in apoptosis, it helps to breakdown DNA

Front 29

What is Liquefaction Necrosis?

Back 29

Cells die but their lysosomal enzymes are not and they leak out and liquify the tissue

Front 30

What is coagulative Necrosis?

Back 30

Acidosis develops and proteins are denatured and coagulate, fat tissue can also be broken down into fatty acids

Front 31

What is Caseous Necrosis?

Back 31

A form of coagulation necrosis that has a yellow cheesy look.

Front 32

What is Infarction?

Back 32

Area of cell death caused by lack of O2

Front 33

What is Gangrene?

Back 33

Considerable area of Necrotic tissue present

Front 34

List three treatments for Necrosis

Back 34

Antibiotics, Amputation (or just getting rid of necrotic tissue), Maggots

Front 35

What is Sequelae of Necrosis?

Back 35

Loss of function, if the tissue is within an organ then the organ may lose function, leaking of cell enzymes into bloodstream, replacement of functional tissue with scar tissue, somatic death

Front 36

What are two enzymes leaked into the bloodstream by sequelae of necrosis?

Back 36

CPK-Creatine Phosphokinase and LDH-Lactic Dehydrogenase

Front 37

When and where may pathologic calcifiction occur?

Back 37

Occurs when necrotic tissue is not cleared or removed from organ or tissue then connective fibrous tissue replaces, then calcium deposits occur. These calcium deposits tend to block ducts and cause pain-kidney stones

Front 38

What is somatic death?

Back 38

Death of entire organism, no electrical activity of the brain

Front 39

What are some changes that occur after somatic death?

Back 39

Body temperature drops, blood coagulated and pools, autolysis (destruction of cells throught their own enzymes), and putrefaction (Decomposition of proteins and bacteria - odor)

Front 40

What is dry gangrene?

Back 40

Affected necrotic tissue area becomes brown or black, spreads slow, usually only effects extremities, there is a line between healthy and non healthy tissue, usually doesnt involve bacteria invasion