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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the principle of Complementarity?
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Structure directly affects function and they complement each other
Example: The structure of the lung is very elastic, this allows the function of lung expansion and the increase in volume of air to happen |
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What are the steps of the scientific method?
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Observation, formulation of hypothesis, testing hypothesis through experiments, data collection, conclusion
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When does a hypothesis become theory?
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When it is proved with statistical data and the data is reproducible
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What are the four main types of tissues?
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Nervous, muscular, connective, epithelial
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Which muscle tissue is voluntary? Which is involuntary?
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Skeletal = Voluntary
Cardiac + Smooth = Involuntary |
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Describe skeletal muscle tissue
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striated, long cyndrical, connected to bones and occasionally skin for locomotion and facial expression
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Describe cardiac muscle tissue
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Branching, striated, as it contracts it propels blood into circulation, located in the walls of the heart
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Describe smooth muscle tissue
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spindle shaped cells, no striations, look like they are in sheets, propels substances of objects along internal passageways, located mostly in walls of hollow organs
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What is the main function of nervous tissue? Two main cell types in nervous tissue?
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Main function is to transmit infomation in the form of electical impulses. Two cell types are Neurons and supporting cells
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What is the function of a neuron?
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Branching cells that transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity
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Where may a neuron be found?
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Brain, spinal cord, nerves
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What are the three layers of epithelial cells?
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Simple stratified, pseudostratified
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What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?
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Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
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What is the main function of connective tissue?
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Main function is to provide structure and support.Mainly characterized by lots of extracellular proteins in between tissue cells
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What are the three main types of connective tissue proper?
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Areolar, Adipose, Fibrous
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Where is areolar tissue found and what is its function?
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Found under the skin (connects skin to muscle) and in mucous membranes
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Where is the adipose tissue found and what is its function?
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Found under the skin, around the eyes, surrounds the kidneys, serves to cushion vital orgtans and stores excess nutrients
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Where is the fibrous tissue found and what is its function?
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connects muscle to bones or muscles to each other-very strong
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What is collagen associated with and in what connective tissue is it most commonly found?
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Associated with strength and is in fibrous tissue making it very strong
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What is cartilage mostly made up off?
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Hyaline
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What is the function of cartilage? Where is it often found?
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Supports and reinforces, has resiliant cushioning and resists compressive stress, found between the ribs and at the end of long bones
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What are two other less common types of cartilage and their uses?
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Elastic-maintains shape of structure while allowing flexablilty (ears)
Fibrocartilage-Less firm then hyaline, ablility to absorb compressive shock, located between discs in back, knees, |
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Describe Bones and function
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Hard calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers,osteocytes lie in lacunae, bone supports and protects,stores calcium and other minerals, site of bone marrow
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Describe blood and function
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Red and white blood cells, Transport of body gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances
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List components of the Integumentary system
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Skin, hair, nails, outer covering of the body
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What are the functions of the Integumentary system?
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Synthesizes vitamin D, Protects inner organs from drying out, extreme temperatures, toxic exposures, bacteria and viral infection, and sunlight
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What are the components of the skeletal system?
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Bones, cartilage and ligaments
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What are the functions of the Skeletal system?
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Protects and allows supports of the body organs,synthesize blood cells, stores minerals, gives muscles something to attach to - locomotion
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What are the components of the muscular system?
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Muscles and tendons
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What are the functions of the Muscular system?
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Locomotion and facial expressions,maintains posture, produces heat
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What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
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Heart and blood vessels
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What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
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The heart is responsible for pumping blood, blood vessels carry blood throughout the body
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What are the components of the Lymphatic system?
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Thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic gland, bone marrow
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What is the function of the Lymphatic system?
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Returns fluid leaked from blood vessels back to the blood, traps and removes rubbish in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells involved in immunity. Thymus = where T-cells mature
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What are the components of the Respiratory system?
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Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
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What is the function of the respiratory system?
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Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and rids it of carbon dioxide, cleans and humidifies air
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What are the components of the Digestive system?
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Mouth, tongue, esophogus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver
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What is the function of the digestive system?
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Breaks down food into absorbable units and eliminates undigestables through feces
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What are the components of the urinary system?
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Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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What is the function of the urinary system?
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Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and pH balance in the blood
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What are the components of the endocrine system?
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Pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, also composed of pancrease, testes and ovaries
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What is the function of the endocrine system?
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Secrete hormones that regulate growth, metabolism and reproduction
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What are the components of the nervous system?
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Brain, spinal cord and nerves
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What is the function of the nervous system?
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Allows us to rapidly respond to external stimuli by activating muscles and glands
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What are the components of the male reproductive system?
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Prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, ductus deferens
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What is the function of the male reproduction system?
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Produce offspring, testes produce sperm and male hormones
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What are the components of the female reproductive system?
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Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, vagina, also mammary glands in breasts
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What is the function of the female reproductive system?
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Produce offspring, ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones, fertilization and development occurs in the uterine tubes and in the uterus
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What is Anatomical variation?
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No 2 humans are exactly alike, 70% most common structure, 30% variant, variable number of organs, missing muscles, extra vertabrae, renal arteries, variation in organ locations
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Define homeostasis
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The ablility to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
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Explain the control mechanism of homeostasis
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1.Receptors or sensors monitor environment and respond to change
2.Control center or integrating center determines the set point at which the variable is maintained 3.Effector provides the means to respond to the stimuli More basically the sensor tells the control center of the imbalance, control center sends out effector to stimulate the variable's imbalance back to homeostasis |
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What is Negative feedback?
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The body's response is to shut off the original stimulus.Thermometer (receptor) reaches point above set point tells thermostat (control center) which sends out signal (effector) to turn off the heater
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What is positive feedback?
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The output enhances the original stimulus. Break in blood vessel wall, clotting occurs and chemicals are released attracting more platelets to continue the clotting, this continues until the clot is finished
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What can cause homeostatic imbalances?
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Disease, aging, if negative feedback mechanism is overwhelmed it can give into a disruptive positive feedback loop
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Example of harmful positive feedback loop
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FEVER--Metabolic rate increases, body produces heat even faster, body temp continues to rise, metabolic rate becomes more increased, if this cycle continues up to 113 degrees F death occurs
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What is radiography?
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X-rays that produce visualization of internal structures, inexpensive and quick, hollow structures do not appear, easy to see dense structures such as bone
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What is magnetic resonance imaging?
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MRI, Protons in the body fluid align with field, color image, safe, used for differentiating normal and abnormal tissue masses: tumors, brain, abnormal blood flow
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What is computed tomography?
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Computer assisted radiography (CT-Scan), 3-D, visualize soft tissue in more detail than convential radiography
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What is ultrasound scanning?
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High frequency sound waves, nothing invasive, painless, no dyes, used in pregnancy
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What is positron emission tomography?
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PET Scan, positively charged substance injected into the body, collisions between negatively charged electrons and positrons gamma rays are produced and the computer produces a color image (PET Scan), used to study metabolic processes
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What is Endoscopy?
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Lightened instrument with lens, image projected onto a screen, ex: colonoscopy,laproscopy, etc
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What are the components of extracellular fluid?
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Blood plasma and interstitial fluid,there is free exchange between these two via capillaries, blood plasma-liquid part of our blood, interstitial fluid-the fluid that surrounds individual cells within organs
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