Pathoma - Hypertension - Fundamentals Of Pathology

Front 1

HTN may involve the _________ or the __________ circuits.

Back 1

pulmonary; systemic

Front 2

Systemic HTN is defined as what?

Back 2

bp ≥ 140/90

Front 3

Systemic HTN is divided into what?

Back 3

Primary or secondary types based on etiology

Front 4

Usually when patients have HTN, both __________ and _________ are increased. However you can have _________ increases.

Back 4

systolic; diastolic bp; isolated

Front 5

What is the etiology in primary HTN?

Back 5

Unknown

Front 6

What makes up most of the cases of HTN, primary or secondary HTN?

Back 6

Primary, it is 95% of all cases.

Front 7

What risk factors are related to development of hypertension?

Back 7

(1) Age (increases w/age)
(2) Race (higher risk in African americans, relatively lower risk in asians)
(3) Obesity
(4) Stress
(5) Lack of physical activity
(6) High salt diet

Front 8

Your systemic blood pressure is a function of your ______.

Back 8

stroke volume

Front 9

What is the most important non-pharmacologic treatment of HTN?

Back 9

Weight loss

Front 10

Control of hypertension has its greatest benefit in reducing the incidence of __________; however, it also significantly reduces the risk for developing ______and __________.

Back 10

strokes; CHD; renal disease

Front 11

What determines your stroke volume (SV)?

Back 11

(1) Blood volume (equates with sodium homeostasis)
(2) Force of contraction
(3) HR

Front 12

Diastolic blood pressure correlates with?

Back 12

Tonicity of TPR arterioles.

Front 13

High-salt has effect on what type of blood pressure?

Back 13

Both systolic and diastolic. Increases blood volume which increases TPR as well.

Front 14

A classic cause of secondary HTN involving the kidneys. What would you see on labs anc clinicals?

Back 14

Renal artery stenosis.

(1) Increased plasma renin
(2) Unilateral atrophy of affected kidney

Front 15

What are some important causes of renal artery stenosis? Match them to age and sex.

Back 15

(1) Atherosclerosis (elderly males)
(2) Fibromuscular dysplasia (young females)

Front 16

What is fibromuscular dysplasia?

Back 16

Developmental defect of blood vessel wall.

Front 17

In benign HTN we have a __________ or ___________ elevation in bp.

Back 17

mild; moderate

Front 18

Benign HTN presents how?

Back 18

Clinically silent; vessels and organs are damaged over time.

Front 19

Malignant HTN is a ___________ elevation in bp. (_____/_____ mm Hg)

Back 19

severe; 200/120

Front 20

How does malignant HTN arise?

Back 20

May arise de novo but also may arise from preexisting benign HTN.

Front 21

Patients with malignant HTN will present with acute ___________.

Back 21

end-organ damage

Front 22

Malignant HTN classically presents how?

Back 22

(1) Acute renal failure
(2) Headache
(3) Papilledema

Front 23

Malignant HTN is a medical ______________.

Back 23

emergency