Pathology: Principles Of Neoplasia Part I

Front 1

Evidence suggests that human neoplasia is most frequently caused by what factors?

Back 1

Environmental factors

(although genetic factors also play a role)

Front 2

What types of tissues tend to show higher rates of neoplastic transformation?

Back 2

Tissues directly exposed to the environment
(Skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract)

Front 3

What type of mutations typically result in neoplastic transformation?

Back 3

Somatic mutations of cellular DNA

Front 4

"Tumors" are denoted by the suffix "-_______"

Back 4

"-oma"

This generally indicates a neoplastic process, but there are some exceptions.

Front 5

Name 3 examples of NON-neoplastic masses that incorporate the suffix, "-oma."

Back 5

1. Hematoma
2. Granuloma
3. Xanthoma

(keep in mind that these are the exceptions to the class of "-oma's" which are generally neoplastic.

Front 6

What suffix is used to indicate epithelial malignancies?

Back 6

Carcinoma

Front 7

What suffix is used to indicate mesenchymal/connective tissue malignancies?

Back 7

Sarcoma

Front 8

What suffix is used to indicate a benign neoplasm?

Back 8

"-oma"
(unmodified suffix)

Keep in mind there are some exceptions

Front 9

Generally, benign neoplasms are denoted by the suffix "-oma," but there are a few exceptions. Name 5 types of malignancies that are the exceptions to this "rule."

Back 9

1. Melanoma
2. Lymphoma
3. Glioma
4. Blastoma
5. Teratoma (may be benign OR malignant)

Front 10

Malignant neoplasm of melanocytes

Back 10

Melanoma

Front 11

Malignant neoplasm of lymphoid tissue

Back 11

Lymphoma

Front 12

Malignant tumors arising from early, partially differentiated embryonal tissue.

Back 12

Blastoma

Front 13

Neoplasm which contains cells from more than one embryonic germ cell layer and may be benign OR malignant.

Back 13

Teratoma

Front 14

A non-neoplastic "tumor" that represents abnormal overgrowth or differentiation of cells NATIVE to the tissue of origin

Back 14

Hamartoma

Front 15

Presence of normal tissue in an ABNORMAL location

Back 15

Choristoma
(also termed "ectopic" or "heterotopic" tissue)

Front 16

Prefix used for squamous epithelium

Back 16

"squamous"

Front 17

Prefix used for glandular epithelium

Back 17

"adeno-"

Front 18

Prefix used for transitional epithelium

Back 18

"transitional"

Front 19

Prefix used for fibrous connective tissue

Back 19

"fibro-"

Front 20

Prefix used for smooth muscle

Back 20

"leiomyo-"

Front 21

Prefix used for skeletal muscle.

Back 21

"rhabdomyo-"

Front 22

Prefix used for adipose tissue

Back 22

"lipo-"

Front 23

Prefix used for cartilage

Back 23

"chondro-"

Front 24

Prefix used for bone

Back 24

"osteo-"

Front 25

Prefix used for blood vessel.

Back 25

"hemangio-"

Front 26

Prefix used for neoplastic cells originating from lymphatic vessel.

Back 26

"lymphangio-"

Front 27

Prefix used for a neoplasm that is hard due to excessive production of tumor stroma

Back 27

"scirrhous"

Front 28

Prefix used to indicate soft neoplastic tissue that resembles bone marrow, due to scant production of tumor stroma.

Back 28

"medullary"

Front 29

Prefix used to describe gelatinous or mucinous neoplastic tissue.

Back 29

"colloid"

Front 30

What type of gross feature is commonly present in breast cancer tissue?

Back 30

Scirrhous architectural growth pattern
(That's why they are easy to detect in self-exams)

Front 31

What type of gross feature is found within neoplastic tissue that is dense in lymphoid infiltrates?

Back 31

"medullary"

Front 32

What prefix is used to describe a fluid or gas filled neoplasm?

Back 32

"cystic"

Front 33

What type of architectural growth pattern is typically seen in very large tumors?

Back 33

Cyst

Front 34

What prefix is used to describe a neoplasm that grows by forming follicles?

Back 34

"follicular"

Front 35

What prefix is used to describe a neoplasm with "nipple-like" projections?

Back 35

"papillary"

Front 36

What prefix is used to describe a neoplasm with "finger-like" projections?

Back 36

"villous"

Front 37

What prefix is used to describe a neoplasm with numerous small holes?

Back 37

"cribriform"

Front 38

T or F

Malignant neoplastic cells resemble the normal morphology of the cell of origin.

Back 38

FALSE!

BENIGN neoplastic cells resemble the normal morphology of the cell of origin.
MALIGNANT neoplastic cells are characterized by cellular and nuclear pleomorphism

Front 39

What are some examples of morphologies seen in malignant neoplastic cells?

Back 39

1. Increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
2. Increased nuclear chromatin which is frequently "clumped" along an irregular nuclear membrane
3. Large nucleoli
4. Bizarre mitosis
5. Loss of cellular orientation
6. To some degree, loss of normal functional capactiy

Front 40

Which cells (benign or malignant) are well differentiated and have a normal number of chromosomes?

Back 40

Benign

These cells retain functional capabilites

Front 41

Can malignant cells be well differentiated?

Back 41

Yes.
Malignant cells may vary from complete lack of differentiation to well differentiated

Front 42

Is a well differentiated tumor or a poorly differentiated tumor more likely to be aggressive?

Back 42

A poorly differentiated tumor.

(characteristic of malignant cells)

Front 43

What is anaplasia?

Back 43

Complete lack of differentiation

(can be seen in malignant cells)

Front 44

How is the rate of growth of neoplastic cells affected by the degree of differentiation?

Back 44

Well differentiated cells grow slower (like benign cells)

Poorly differentiated cells grow faster (like malignant cells)

Front 45

What type of cell (benign or malignant) grows by expansion?

Back 45

Benign

Front 46

What type of tumor (benign or malignant) tends to compress the surrounding tissue into a "capsule" that separates it from normal tissue?

Back 46

Benign

Front 47

What type of tumor (benign or malignant) grows by infiltration and invasion?

Back 47

Malignant

Front 48

What type of tumors DO NOT metastasize?

Back 48

Benign

Front 49

T or F.

All malignant neoplasms have metastatic potential.

Back 49

TRUE

(they have the potential to metastasize, although they do not always do so)

Front 50

What is the most common route of metastasis?

Back 50

Lymphatic dissemination
(especially common for CARCINOMAS)

Front 51

What kind of metastasis is characteristic of connective tissue neoplasms (sarcomas)?

Back 51

Hematogenous dissemination.

(Carcinomas can also metastasize this way, too, through vascular-lymphatic anastomoses.)

Front 52

Invasion and metastases are more likely to occur via the _______ system during hematogenous dissemination.

Back 52

Venous system

(invasion and metastases are more easily accomplished through the thinner-walled veins, rather than thicker-walled arteries)

Front 53

Transcoelomic seeding usually occurs with malignancies that grow where?

Back 53

Coelomic (peritoneal, pleural) surfaces.
(ex. ovarian cancer can spread this way)

Front 54

What type of metastasis can be initiated by excessive manipulation or cutting into malignant tumors?

Back 54

Traumatic seeding

Front 55

Can a small, benign tumor be deadly?

Back 55

YES.

Depending on the anatomical location, small benign tumors can cause sudden death by interfering w/ vital functions
(brainstem, heart)

Front 56

Which type of neoplasms are more prone to infarction, necrosis, hemorrhage, ulceration, and infection?

Back 56

Malignant neoplasms

Front 57

Which type of neoplasm may stimulate desmoplasia?

Back 57

Malignant neoplasms

(desmoplasia = excessive production of connective tissue)

Front 58

What suffix would be used to describe tumors in cartilage, bone, bone marrow, stem cells, and fat?

Back 58

Sarcoma

(tumors in mesenchymal/connective tissues)

Front 59

What suffix would be used to describe tumors found within skin or organs?.

Back 59

Carcinoma

Front 60

What would you call a benign tumor in the adrenal medulla?

Back 60

Adrenal cortical adenoma

("adeno-" : glandular epithelium; "-oma": benign)

Front 61

What would you call a malignant tumor in the pharynx?

Back 61

Squamous carcinoma

Front 62

What would you call a benign ovarian tumor which contains cells from more than one embryonic germ layer (i.e. epidermis and hair follicles), and contains small cystic spaces?

Back 62

Benign cystic teratoma

Front 63

What would you call a malignant tumor found within bone?

Back 63

Osteosarcoma

Front 64

Transitional epithelium can be found where?

Back 64

Urinary bladder, ureter, urethra, and gland ducts of the prostate
(according to Wiki)

Front 65

What would you call a malignant neoplasm found in the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder?

Back 65

Transitional carcinoma

Front 66

If a patient was known to have a malignant tumor of some sort, and he presented with enlarged regional lymph nodes, what type of malignancy (carcinoma or sarcoma) would you suspect?

Back 66

Carcinoma.

Epithelial neoplasms utilize the lymphatic system as their most common route of metastasis.

Front 67

What type of tumors (benign or malignant) may produce paraneoplastic syndromes (mediated by hormones)?

Back 67

BOTH!
Benign and malignant tumors may produce hormones or hormone-like substances that can result in paraneoplastic syndromes
(Hypercalcemia, Cushing's syndrome, Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion...)