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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Brain metastasis
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Lotsa Bad Stuff Kills Glia
Lung, Breast, Skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI tract tumors |
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Liver metastasis
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Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver
Colon, Stomach, Pancreas, Breast, Lung |
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Bone metastasis
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P.T. Barnum Loves Kids
Prostate, testes/thyroid, breast, lung, kidneys (renal cell carcinoma) |
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Lung, prostate, and breast cancer bone affects
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Lung = lytic
prostate = blastic breast = blastic and lytic |
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Aflatoxins cause
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hepatocellular carcinoma
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vinyl chloride causes
(refrigeration and adhesives) |
angiosarcoma in the liver
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CCl4 causes
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Centrilobular necrosis, fatty change
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Nitrosamines (smoked foods) causes
Asians b/c of smoked foods/fish bolongna, hot dogs |
Gastric Cancer
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Cigarettes cause
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squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, squamous an small cell carcinoma of the lung, renal cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
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asbestos causes
(fire proofing, insulation, brake pads |
mesothelioma (plura) and bronchogenic carcinoma
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Arsenic causes
(alloys and pesticides) |
squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
angiosarcoma of the liver |
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naphthalene aniline dyes causes
(moth balls) |
transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
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Alkylating agents cause
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leukemia
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alcohol causes cancer.....
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squamous cell of the esophagus, mouth, larygx
hepatocellular carcinoma |
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which cancers display psammoma bodies
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PSaMMoma
papillary thyroid serous (ovary) Meningioma Mesothelioma |
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Small Cell lung cancer can express
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ACTH or ACTH-like peptide causing cushing's syndrome
ADH causeing SIADH |
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Calcitonin tumor marker
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medullary thyroid cancer
neoplasm of the C cells |
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CA-19-9 and CEA tumor markers
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Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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TRAP tumor marker
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Titrate-resistant acid phosphatase
hairy cell leukemia - a B cell neoplasm |
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Bombesin tumor marker
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Adrenal neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
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Alkaline phosphatase tumor marker
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Metastases to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Paget's disease of bone
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S-100 tumor marker
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Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas
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CA-125 tumor marker
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Ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors, also expressed by just about anything that irritates the peritoneum
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beta-hCG tumor marker
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hydatiform moles, choriocarcinoma (also in testes), gestational trophoblastic tumors
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alpha-fetoprotein tumor marker
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hepatocellular carcinoma, nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis (yolk sac tumor)
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CEA tumor marker
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carcino-embryonic antigen
very nonspecific produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers. also produced by gastric, breast, and thyroid medullary carcinoma |
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Prostatic Acid phosphatase and PSA tumor marker
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prostate carcinoma
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HTLV-1 cancer association
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Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
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EBV cancer association
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Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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HIV cancer association
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Primary CNS lymphoma
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Rb associated tumor and gene product
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Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma
RB gene product blocks G1->S phase |
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p53 associated tumor and gene product
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most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome
product blocks G1-> S phase of cell cycle |
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BRCA1 associated tumor and gene product
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Breast and ovarian cancer
DNA repair protein |
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BRCA2 associated tumor and gene product
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breast cancer
DNA repair |
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p16 associated tumor
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melanoma
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APC associated tumor
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Colorectal cancer (associated with FAP)
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WT1 associated tumor
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Wilm's tumor
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NF1 associated disorder/cancer and chromosome
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Neurofibromatosis type 1, cutaneous neurofibromas
chromosome 17 |
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NF2 associated disorder and chromosome
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neurofibromatosis type 2, bilateral acoustic schwannoma
chromosome 22 |
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DPC associated cancer
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pancreated cancer
Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer |
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DCC associated cancer
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colon cancer
Deleted in Colon Cancer |
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abl associated tumor and gene product
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CML
bcr-abl translocation Philadelphia chromosome t(9,22) tyrosine kinase |
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c-myc associated cancer and gene product
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Burkitt's lymphoma, EBV
transcription factor |
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bcl-2 associated tumor and gene product
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follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis)
anti-apoptotic molecule |
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erb-B2 associated tumor and gene product
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breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinoma
tyrosine kinase |
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ras assocaiated tumor and gene product
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colon carcinoma
GTPase -> MAP kinase (mitogen activating protein) |
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L-myc associated tumor and gene product
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Lung tumor (small cell)
transcription factor |
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N-myc associated tumor and gene product
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Neuroblastoma (adrenal neuroblastoma and also small cell lung carcinoma)
transcription factor |
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ret associated tumor and gene product
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types IIA and IIB (pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, also papillary carcinoma of thyroid)
tyrosine kinase |
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c-kit associated tumor and gene product
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gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
cytokine receptor |
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Down Syndrome associated neoplasms
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(we ALL fall DOWN) ALL, also AML
also increased Alzheimer disease |
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Xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism associated neoplasm
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melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and especially squamous cell carcinomas of the skin
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chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants neoplasm association
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gastric adenocarcinoma
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tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, mental retardation) neoplasm assocation
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10% astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma, and 66% cardiac rhabdomyoma
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Actinic keratosis (solar keratosis) associated neoplasm
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squamous cel carcinoma (precursor)
tx: 5-FU topical |
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Plummer-Vinson syndrome (atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia; all due to iron deficiency) associated neoplasm
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squamous cell carcinoma of the upper esophagus
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ulcerative colitis associated neoplasm
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colonic adenocarcinoma
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paget's disease of bone associated neoplasm
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2` osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
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AIDS associated neoplasms
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Agressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkins), Kaposi's sarcoma, and primary CNS lymphoma
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Autoimmune diseases (Hashimotos, myasthenia gravis) associated neoplasm
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lymphoma
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Acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation and epidermal thickening)
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Visceral malignancy (somach, lung, breast, uterus)
also DM II |
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Achalasia associated neoplasm
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squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
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Sjogren syndrome associated neoplasm
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B cell lymphoma
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intrinsic apoptosis pathway mechanism
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increased Bax (pro-apoptotic), decreased Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotitic)-> increased mitochondrial permeability and Cytochrome C release which activates cytosolic caspases
due to hormone induction, embryogenesis, atrophy, and injurous stimuli |
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2 extrinsic apoptosis pathway mechanisms
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1. ligand receptor interactions Fas ligand binding to Fas [CD95]
2.immune cell release of perforin and granzyme B cytosolic caspases activated |
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antinuclear antibodies (ANA) used
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SLE, non specific so a screen
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Anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith used
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SLE
anti-dsDNA is more specific for SLE renal disease |
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antihistone
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drug induced lupus 90%
still seen in SLE 50% SHIPP sulfonamides, hydralyzine, isoniazid, procainamide, phenytoin |
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Anti-IgG
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rheumatoid factor
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anticentromere
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Scleroderma (CREST)
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anti-Scl-70 (anti-DNA topoisomeraseI)
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scleroderma (diffuse)
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antimitochondrial
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1`billiary cirrhosis
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antiendomysial
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celiac disease
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anti-basement membrane
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goodpasture's syndrome
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anti-desmoglein
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pemphigus vulgaris (desmosomes)
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antimicrosomal, antithyroglobulin
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hoshimotos thyroiditis
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anti-Jo-1
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polymyositis, dermatomyositis
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Anti-SS-A (anti-Ro)
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sjogren's syndrome
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anti-SS-B (anti-La)
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sjogrens syndrome
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anti-U1 RNP (ribonucleoprotein)
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mixed connective tissue disease
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anti-smooth muscle
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autoimmune hepatitis
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anti-glutamate dearboxylase
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type 1 diabetes mellitus
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c-ANCA
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Wegner's granulomatosis
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p-ANCA
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microscopic polyangitis, Churgh-Strauss syndrome
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MPO-ANCA
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pose immune crescentic glomerulonephritis
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anti-Ach receptor
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myasthenia gravis
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Type 1 Hypersensitivity mechanism
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free antigen cross links IgE on presensitized mast cells and basophils triggering release of vasoactive amines. after antigen exposure rapid response due to preformed antibodies
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type 2 hypersensitivity mechanism
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IgM, IgG bind to free antigen on "enemy" cell, leading to lysis by complement or phyagocytosis
1. opsonize cells or activate complement 2.antibodies recruit neutrophils and macrophages that incite tissue damage 3. bind normal cellular receptors and interfere with functioning disease tends to be specific to tissue or site where antigen is found |
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type 3 hypersensitivity mechanism
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antigen-antibody (IgG) complexes activate complement which attracts neutrophils; neutrophils release lysosomal enzymes also complement acts. immune complexes can deposit and cause damage in kidneys, joints, etc
can be associated with vasculitis and systemic manifestations |
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type 4 hypersensitivity mechanism
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sensitized t lymphocytes encounter antigen and then release lymphokines (leads to macrophage activation)
only type to not involve antibodies. cell mediated therefore, not transferable by serum. 4T's t lymphocytes, transplant rejections, TB skin test, touching (contact dermatitis) |
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neutrophil chemotactic factors
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IL-8, C5a, LB4
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endogenous pyrogens
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IL-1, IL-6, PGE2
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Anaphylatoxins
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C3a, C5a
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Opsonins
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C3b, IgG
C3b binds bacteria |
