Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
472 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Which one of the malleoli facets of the talus has a tear drop shape
|
medial
|
|
|
what happens to the eye when treated with atropine
|
mydriasis - pupil dilation
|
|
|
TCA MOA
|
block reuptake of NE, serotonin and dopamine
|
|
|
What drug causes SLE like rxn
|
Procainamide, INH, hydralazine, phenytoin
HIPPPE |
|
|
DOC for post surg pain
|
morphine
|
|
|
babinski reflex is assoc with what tract
|
spinothalmic.....checks for UMN lesions
|
|
|
PT come in ER, is unconscious and respiration is depressed, what would you do? (heroin od)
|
naloxone (narcan)
|
|
|
the oblique popliteal ligament if from what m.?
|
semimembranosus m.
|
|
|
the posterior thigh muscle originates from which structure
|
ischial tuberosity
|
|
|
what artery supplies the fdb?
|
medial plantar a.
|
|
|
what artery supplies the quadratus plantae m
|
lateral plantar a.
|
|
|
what hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
what drug is used as antimetic postop
|
thioridazine
|
|
|
what muscle is between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines
|
gluteus minimus
|
|
|
what blood group is universal donor
|
0-
|
|
|
where is erythropoetin made
|
kidney
|
|
|
what increases difusion
|
solubility
|
|
|
hyperglycemia can be caused by all EXCEPT
|
insulin
|
|
|
cerebellum is concerned with
|
coordination/balance
|
|
|
what are ACE inhibitors
|
antihypertenisves
|
|
|
what do you give for atropine poisoining
|
physostigmine/scopolamine
|
|
|
what causes parkinsonism
|
lack of dopamine
|
|
|
MG is a result of
|
ab's against ach receptors
|
|
|
what is the fastest conducting axon
|
large myelimated
|
|
|
which of the following requires energy
|
active transport
|
|
|
what ion is a clotting factor
|
calcium
|
|
|
what drug causes hair growth
|
minoxidil
|
|
|
what vitamin causes exfoliation
|
vitamin a
|
|
|
what blocks the action of histamine in asthma
|
epinephrine
|
|
|
which antibiotics works on cell wall
|
penicillins
|
|
|
what muscles supplies by spinal accessory n.
|
trapezius, SCM
|
|
|
melanin is composed from what a.a?
|
tyrosine
|
|
|
what is the precursor of serotonin
|
tryptophan
|
|
|
what inserts in the quadrate tuburcle
|
quadratus femoris
|
|
|
what part of the coxae is form by more than one bone
|
acetabulum
|
|
|
what supplies the nutrient foramen of the fibula
|
peroneal a.
|
|
|
which bone is associated os tibiale externum
|
navicular
|
|
|
which muscle can plantarflex and evert foot
|
navicular
|
|
|
which layer of foot is medial plantar a.
|
between 1 and 2
|
|
|
crest syndrome is associated with
|
scleroderma
|
|
|
which do you NOT use antacids with
|
tetracylcine
|
|
|
which substance increase muscle wasting
|
steroid usage
|
|
|
rapid repolarization is result of
|
k+ efflux
|
|
|
acute bacterial endocarditis
|
staph aureus
|
|
|
what supplies blood to the AV node
|
rt coronary a (RCA)
|
|
|
the anterior compartment of the leg is supplied by which nerve
|
deep peroneal
|
|
|
what happens i f your remove lymphatics
|
edema
|
|
|
what is blood supply to peroneus tertius
|
anterior tibial
|
|
|
what can give pulmonary embolus
|
DVT
|
|
|
what usually happens with electron transport
|
oxidative phosphorylation
|
|
|
what do gram positive organisms do NOT have
|
outer membrane
|
|
|
what organism is blue/green with a fruity odor
|
pseudomonas
|
|
|
what is lacking in smooth m
|
troponin
|
|
|
what is the most common chromosomal disorder
|
trisomy 21 (downs)
|
|
|
mesothelioma and brochogenic CA associated with
|
asbestos
|
|
|
which does NOT inhibit cell wall synthesis
|
erythromycin
|
|
|
lumbar plexus
|
t12-t14
|
|
|
common insertion of TP,TA,PL
|
medial cuneiform
|
|
|
what ganglia controls pain in face
|
trigeminal VI
|
|
|
what adduct toes
|
plantar interossei- adduct
|
|
|
which met base is kidney based (reniform)
|
1st
|
|
|
increase surface area
|
microvilli
|
|
|
originates from the tibia and fibula
|
EDL, Posterior pt tibial isleis ???
|
|
|
extranumery bone associated with talus
|
os trigonum
|
|
|
scurvy?
|
vit c deficiency
|
|
|
emergency problem with insulin
|
hypoglycemia
|
|
|
emphysema?
|
alpha-1antirypsin deficiency
|
|
|
flexes leg and thigh
|
sartorius
|
|
|
least sedating histamine blocker
|
terfinadine
|
|
|
cross allergy between PCN and carbapeneats too
|
cephalosporins
|
|
|
what can be palpated
|
PIIS
|
|
|
beta blocker with least respiratory effect
|
metoprolol
|
|
|
what anti-tumor drug work on mitotic spindles
|
vincristine and vinblastine
|
|
|
transitional epithelium
|
bladder (urinary tract)
|
|
|
why do you give EPI with local anestheitc
|
vasoconstriction, to keep local around longer
|
|
|
where is the fabella
|
lateral head of gastrocnemius
|
|
|
action of the tibialis posterior
|
plantar flexion and inversion
|
|
|
what is the major cause of peptic ulcer
|
h. pylori
|
|
|
in what compartment is the peroneal a. located
|
deep posterior compartment
|
|
|
what muscles does the medial plantar n. supply
|
1st lumbricale, abductor hallucis, FHB,FDB
|
|
|
causes lyme disease
|
borelia burgdoferi
|
|
|
coagulase and catalase positive
|
staph aureus
|
|
|
what produces anitbodies
|
plasma cells
|
|
|
what nerve compressed in carpal tunnel
|
median n
|
|
|
root value of phrenic
|
c3,4,5
|
|
|
nerve that goes below l2
|
cauda equina
|
|
|
what makes csf
|
choroid plexus
|
|
|
where is the quadrate tuburcle located
|
femur
|
|
|
what inserts into the trochanteric fossa
|
obturator externus (only one insertion here)
|
|
|
what courses with the small saphenous v.
|
sural n
|
|
|
what innervated EDB
|
deep peroneal (lateral terminal branch of)
|
|
|
competitive inhibition can be reverse by
|
increasing substrate
|
|
|
iron is carried in blood by
|
transferrin
|
|
|
if pt is starving where does brain get glucose
|
kerone bodies
|
|
|
how many ATP's are formed from glyclysis
|
2
|
|
|
the key NZ is glycolysis
|
phosphofructorkinase (PFK)
|
|
|
what inhibits cyclooxygenase
|
ASA
|
|
|
precursor to PGE
|
arachidonic acid
|
|
|
when vit b12 id not absorbed it cause
|
pernicious anemia
|
|
|
chyromerons are formed from
|
dietary TG
|
|
|
most common opportumistic mycosis
|
candida
|
|
|
what fluoresces coral red under the woods lamp
|
erythrasma
|
|
|
what cuneiform articulates with 3 mets
|
lateral cuneiform
|
|
|
what contains keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
|
skin
|
|
|
what part of the hip joint contains hyaline cartilage
|
lunate surface
|
|
|
what ct is made up of parallel fibers
|
dense regular ct
|
|
|
what is the innervation to gluteus medius
|
superior gluteal n.
|
|
|
what innervates the adductor ballucis
|
lateral plantar n.
|
|
|
what muscle passes under the sperior extensor reunaculum
|
tibialis anterior.......EHL/EDL/ P TARTIUS?
|
|
|
what muscle passes between the medial and lateral process of talus
|
FHL
|
|
|
the first tarsal bone to ossify
|
calcaneus
|
|
|
best measure of excretion capacity of kidneys
|
creatine clearance, glucose is least
|
|
|
what is rapid tolerance to a drug
|
tachyphalaxis
|
|
|
DOC fro gram positive
|
PEN G (iv)
|
|
|
how do you force the excretion of an alkaline
|
acidify the urine
|
|
|
drug given for urinary retention
|
bethanachol
|
|
|
what inhalation anesthetic cause hepatitis
|
halothane
|
|
|
what promotes healing
|
vitamin c
|
|
|
glucose production from non -carbohydrate source
|
gluconeogensis
|
|
|
which is NOT Part of DNA structure
|
Ribose sugar
|
|
|
what aids the absorption of VIT B12 from intestine
|
IF
|
|
|
what is the dicrotic notch
|
closure of the aortic valve and accompanying back pressure
|
|
|
comparison of pulmonary and systemic circulation
|
blood flow volume is equal
|
|
|
where does herpes zoster lie dorment
|
dorsal root ganglion
|
|
|
disease characterized by reversible bronchospasm
|
asthma
|
|
|
what is going on with pt with neuropathy and elevated liver NZS
|
alcoholism
|
|
|
cutaneous innervation to lateral side of foot
|
sural n/ LDCN- LATERAL DORSAL CUT N.
|
|
|
DVT drug
|
heparin
|
|
|
what drug has side effect of gingival hyperplasia
|
phenytoin
|
|
|
what three muscles tendons attach to the base of the 1st met
|
ta/pl/ ?
|
|
|
tarsal bone ossifies last
|
navicular (late 3 yr)
|
|
|
cuneiform articulates with 1st met only
|
intermediate
|
|
|
the medial and lateral femoral circumflex come off of what
|
deep femoral a. (profunda femoris)
|
|
|
medial calcaneal a. comes from
|
posterior tibial a.
|
|
|
MOA of 5FU
|
inhibits thymidylate synthase
|
|
|
what decrease gastric acid secretion best
|
ranitidine
|
|
|
first TX for NIDDM
|
weight loss
|
|
|
does not flex the knee
|
soleus
|
|
|
saddle joint
|
calcaneocuboid
|
|
|
first branch of the anterior tibial a.
|
posterior tibial recurrent a.
|
|
|
if you are hit behind neck in c4,c5 area what is affected
|
part of your breathing mechaniism since the phrenic n. is involved
|
|
|
all the following causes hydroencephalous except
|
non-functioning choroid plexus -CSF
|
|
|
what muscle unlocks the knee joint
|
popliteus
|
|
|
kyphosis
|
increased thoracic curve
|
|
|
what supplies motor to tongue
|
hypoglossal n.
|
|
|
draining granular foot lesion
|
mycetoma
|
|
|
rejection of an organ is mediated by
|
T cells
|
|
|
what protects bacteria from phagocytosis
|
capsule
|
|
|
best way to build up skeletal muscle
|
exercise
|
|
|
down syndrome has association with
|
leukemia (in youth)
|
|
|
disease characterized by aneurysms
|
marfans
|
|
|
which is not a risk factor for atherosclerosis
|
alcoholism
|
|
|
what is the cause of libman sacks endocarditis
|
SLE (LSE AND SLE)
|
|
|
what disease replace muslce tissue with fibrous material and fat in child
|
duchennes muscular dystrophy
|
|
|
circular rings of cartilage in vessels, non-occlusive
|
monckbergs medial sclerosis
|
|
|
patient with irregular heart beast has a sstroke
|
cause is embolic stroke
|
|
|
ADH(vasopressin) is secreted by what part of the pituatary gland
|
posterior lobe (2 parts nervosa)
|
|
|
young male with thrombosis
|
burgers-IgA
|
|
|
irregular cells
|
dysplasia
|
|
|
pannus formations seen in
|
RA
|
|
|
esophageal inflammation seen with
|
gastric reflux
|
|
|
ketogenic amino acids
|
lysine and leucine "keLLy"
|
|
|
why does diabetes insipidus cause polyuria
|
lack of ADH/ lack of renal response to ADH
|
|
|
what is the parent compund of NE and EPI
|
phenylalmine
|
|
|
what are payer patches made of
|
lymphoid follicles
|
|
|
which nerves have the same branches as the femoral
|
obturator l2,3,4
|
|
|
what nerve innervates the hamstring m. of the thigh
|
sciatic (tibial n)
|
|
|
injuring the superficial peroneal n. will result in
|
inability to evert foot
|
|
|
fat soluble vitamins
|
A, D, E, K
|
|
|
AMINO ACIDS MOST LIKELY TO DONATE THE METHYL GROUP
|
methionine
|
|
|
how many common plantar digital n are there
|
4
|
|
|
not a function of t cells
|
manufacture of immunoglobulims
|
|
|
drug that affects the closure of epiphyseal plate
|
androgens
|
|
|
what facilitates phagocystosis
|
opsonins
|
|
|
what is inhibited by ranitidine
|
h2 receptors in the stomach
|
|
|
what is characterized of parkinsons
|
resting tumor
|
|
|
moa of spironolactone
|
k sparing durectic-competitive antagonist of aldosterone. Interfere with NA, K, H exchange that cause a decrease in K loss in distal tubule
|
|
|
what secretes renin
|
juxtaglomerular cells adjacent to the afferent arerioles in kidney
|
|
|
65% of glomerular filtrate reabsorbed where
|
PCT
|
|
|
treatment of benzodiazepine OD
|
flumazenil
|
|
|
common se after removing anti htn drug
|
ankle edema
|
|
|
tx gram+ amaerobe
|
clindamycin
|
|
|
what nerve supplies the lateral rectus
|
abducent n. (VI)
|
|
|
which of the following arteries unpaired and supplies the knee joint
|
middle genicular a.
|
|
|
name the essential a.s.
|
phenylalamine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine "PVT TIM HALL"
|
|
|
neutral a.a
|
histidine
|
|
|
a pathology in which one a.a. is swapped for another on the beta chain
|
sickle cell amenia
|
|
|
a pathology related to a.a. with aromatic ring
|
phenylketonuria
|
|
|
krebs cylce occurs in all except
|
erythrocytes
|
|
|
ceruloplasm is related to which mineral
|
copper -wilsons disease
|
|
|
HMG CoA is related to which cycle
|
cholestrol synthesis
|
|
|
can increase uric acid by giving
|
probenecid
|
|
|
which drug is an HMG CoA redcutase inhibitor
|
lovastrin- "YOUR NOT GETTING MUCH LOVA IF YOUR SCREWING WITH MY G'S
|
|
|
which drug can cause a gout attack
|
hydroclothorothiazide
|
|
|
drug give PO for PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS colitis
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
what drugs are used to treat pseduomonas aeruginosa
|
aminoglycoside and extended spectrum penicillins
|
|
|
what are the adductor m of the thigh innervated by
|
obturator n.
|
|
|
what is cimetidine for
|
gastritis, peptic ulcer, esophageal reflux, zollinger-ellison syndrome
|
|
|
what does the deep peroneal n innervate
|
anterior leg muscles
|
|
|
what is klinefelters syndrome
|
male (xxy)-testicular atrophy, eunuchoid, body shape, tall long extremities, gynecomastia female hair distributors, presence of inactivated x chromosome (barr body)
|
|
|
name the bactericidial antibiotics
|
penicillins, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, vancomycin, aminoglycosides, metronidazzole
|
|
|
where does aldosterone act
|
distal tubules
|
|
|
what does griseofulvin cause
|
hepatotoxicity
|
|
|
rice water stools
|
v cholera
|
|
|
what is smaller than RBC'S
|
platelets
|
|
|
what artery supplies the cruciate ligament
|
middle genicular a. (knee joint0
|
|
|
which of the following aromatic
|
phenylalanine
|
|
|
what does the lateral marginal v dump into
|
lesser saphenous v.
|
|
|
ossification of cuneiforms
|
lateral-1st yr
medial 2nd year intermediate 3rd year |
|
|
warfarin, is it oral, what is it for
|
oral, chronic anticoagulation not give during pregnancy bc crosses placenta
|
|
|
risk factor for atherosclerosis
|
smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia
|
|
|
where is the soleal line located
|
posterior tibial, medial proximal-lateral distal
|
|
|
a kid falls from his bike, hits his head on the curb, later goes unconscious what structure was affected
|
middle meningeal a.
|
|
|
where is melatomin produced
|
pineal gland
|
|
|
which cells can self-replicate
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
muscles of the rotator cuff
|
supraspinatous, infraspinatous, teres minor subscapularis
|
|
|
which is NOT found in all synovial joints
|
meniscus
|
|
|
damage to what nerve cause wrist drop
|
radial n
|
|
|
what muscle in the sole of the inserts into a tendon
|
quadratus plantae (FDL)
|
|
|
which of the leg compartments has 2 arteries and 1 nerve
|
deep posterior compartment
|
|
|
mRNA and DNA
|
transcription
|
|
|
what attaches to the superior surface of the greater trochanter
|
piriformis
|
|
|
what is ELISA test looking for
|
antibodies to viral proteins
|
|
|
what is long acting insulin
|
protamine zine (lente)
|
|
|
tarsal bone has a peroneal groove/ sulcus
|
cuboid
|
|
|
what side of the calcaneous is the sustentatculum tali on
|
medial
|
|
|
ischial spine is on what coxal bone
|
ischium
|
|
|
bone with peroneal trochlea, ridge, and notch
|
cuboid, calcaneus also has a peroneal trochlea
|
|
|
frequent location of MI
|
left anterior descending LAD> RCA> circumflex
|
|
|
which secretes NE
|
SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC
|
|
|
which are the pain fibers
|
delta a...for pAin
|
|
|
what treatment for arrythmia
|
quinidine
|
|
|
primary lung infection
|
coccidiornycosis
|
|
|
what nerve supplies the heart
|
parasympathetic of the vagus
|
|
|
which lip of linea aspira ends as gluteal tuberosity
|
lateral lip
|
|
|
hyperglycemia is increased by what drug
|
glucocorticoids and NOT caused by insulin
|
|
|
what DOES occur in Krebs cycle (generation of energy)
|
net gain of OAA
|
|
|
hard contraction of muscle resulting from sustained stimulus
|
tetanus
|
|
|
where is the dopamine concentrated
|
substenia nigra
|
|
|
causes of essential HTN
|
unknown
|
|
|
type of collagen in bone
|
type 1
|
|
|
which cell has fastest in A.P.
|
nerve cell
|
|
|
what is affected by poliomyelitis
|
caused by polio virus
fecal/oral. LMN destruction, destruction of cells in anterior horn of spinal cord |
|
|
what Tx for asthma
|
thephyline/cromolyn/steroids/ albuterol
|
|
|
what is true of both sympathetic and parasympathetic
|
presynaptic release of Ach
|
|
|
which drug would you give for an infection that is methicilling resistant
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
which NSAID is least GI toxic
|
salsalate
|
|
|
what represents AV delay
|
PR segment
|
|
|
what represents purkinje
|
ST segment
|
|
|
CN III muscle innervation
|
levator palpebrae, inferior, superior, medial rectus, inferior oblique, pupillary sphincter, ciliary m.
|
|
|
what is lateral inside the femoral sheath
|
artery; nerve root in sheath
|
|
|
muscles innervated by femoral n.
|
anterior thigh
|
|
|
what is found under the nail plate
|
nail bed
|
|
|
what connects epthelial cells together
|
desmosomes
|
|
|
what ist he 4th ventricle associated with
|
foramen of megendie
|
|
|
calcium binds to which molecules to produce muscle contraction
|
troponim- skeletal m (not in smooth)
calmodulin-smooth m |
|
|
insulin will enhance
|
glycolysis, lipogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway
|
|
|
what are tyrosine derivatives
|
thyroxine, dopamine, epi, melanin (not creatine)
Phenylalanine --> Tyrosine --> Thyroxine or Dopa; Dopa --> Melanin or Dopamine Dopamine -->Norepinephrine which can become Epinephrine |
|
|
HDL's can be best described as
|
scavengers of cholestrol from the peripheral tissue (to liver)
|
|
|
what degrades blood clots
|
plasmin
|
|
|
fats are stored in
|
TG
|
|
|
which carb has alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 bonds
|
glycogen
|
|
|
vitamin d deficiency can cause
|
rickets in children (bending bones)
osteomalacia in adults (soft bones) and hypocalcemic tetany |
|
|
knee reflex
|
l2-4
|
|
|
ankle reflex
|
s1-2
|
|
|
pathology in ehlers-danlos syndrome
|
faulty collagen synthesis causing:
hyperextensible skin, tendency to bleed, hypermobile joints 10 types |
|
|
what muscle medially rotates the tibia
|
popliteus
|
|
|
which Ig fixes complement
|
IgG-crosses placenta
IgM-doesnt cross placenta |
|
|
describe the pathology in goodpastures syndrome
|
ATTACKS LUNG AND KIDNEYS
pulmonary hemorrage, renal lesions, hemoptysis, hemanuria, anemian, proliferative glomerulonephritis. anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies produce linear staining on imminofluorescence ** there are 2 good pastures for this dz; glomerulus and pulmonary. also a type II hypersensitivity RXN. Most common in men 20-40 |
|
|
function of shwann celis
|
myelinate PNS axons,
a single schwann cell myelinates only ONE PNS axon |
|
|
function of oligodendroglia
|
myelinate MULTIPLE CNS axons.
In Nissle stains, they appear as small nuclei with dark chromatin and little cytoplasm **predominant type of glial cell in white matter |
|
|
cause of hemiballismus
|
sudden, wild flailing of one arm
*contralateral subthalmic nucleus lesion |
|
|
what are the mastication muscles
|
teMporalis
Masseter Medial pterygoids lateral pterygoids (only one that opens mouth, all others close) all innervated by CN V(3) |
|
|
only syndesmosis in LE
|
distal tibio-fibular joint (inferior)
|
|
|
what happens in spinal cord hemisection
|
brown-sequard syndrome-
ipislateral motor paralysis and spasticity (pyramical tract) ipsilateral loss of tactile, vibration, proprioception sense (dorsal column). *contralateral pain and temp loss (spinothalmic tract) ipsilateral loss of all sensation at level of lesion |
|
|
describe hyperthryoidism
|
heat intolerance, hyperactivity, weight loss, chest pain/palpatations, arrythmias, diarrhea, increase reflexes, warm, dry skin, and fine hair.
*DECREASE TSH (if primary) increase total T4 and free T4 increase T3 update |
|
|
describe hypothryoidism
|
COLD INTOLERANCE,
hypoactivity, weight gain, fatigue, lethargy, decrease appetite constipation, decrease reflexes, myxedema (facial/periornital) dry cool skin and coarse brittle hair. *INCREASE TSH, decrease total T4, decrease T4 and decrease T3 uptake |
|
|
what does the T wave represent
|
ventricular repolarization
|
|
|
name the branches off the dorsalis pedis
|
later and medial tarsal ateries
muscular branches arcuate a. 1st dorsal metatarsal a. (TERMINAL BRANCH) deep plantar perforating a. (1st proximal perforating) (TERMINAL BRANCH) |
|
|
ossification of phalanges
|
primary secondary fusion
distal 9-12 wk 2-8yrs 18yr proximal 11-15wk 2-8 18 middle 15 2-8 18 ( prox primary--- hallux=11wk iu, 2-4digit=12-14wk iu, 5th digit=15week iu) |
|
|
which of the following bones has 2 centers of ossification
|
calcaneus 3 months (primary center)/ 6-8yrs (secondary center @ calcaneal tuberosity)
epiphyseal fusion 14-17 fusion |
|
|
what tract carries pain and temp
|
Lateral spinothalamic tract
|
|
|
what inserts in medial proximal phalanx of 2nd toe
|
1st lubricale (MDN) AND 1st dorsal interosseus (MPA)
|
|
|
what glycoslates proteins
|
golgi apparatus
|
|
|
where does the long plantar ligament insert
|
peroneal ridge of cuboid
|
|
|
what NZ responsible for the rate limiting step in glycolysis
|
phosphofructokinase (PFK)
|
|
|
what muscle has an origin on lateral fibula
|
peroneus brevis/ longus/ quartus (17%)
|
|
|
in TCA cycle, acetyl CoA reacts with what
|
OAA
|
|
|
what drives the AP in neuronal cells
|
NA+ uptake
|
|
|
hepatitis a
|
RNA picornavirus
no chronic carrier state (fecal oral Asymptomatic (usually), Acute, Alone (no carriers) |
|
|
hepatitis b
|
DNA hepadnaviridae (STD) acute and chronic states
|
|
|
hepatitis c
|
RNA flavivirus
IVDU most common cause of transfusional hepatitis Chronic, Cirrhosis, Carcinoma, Carrier |
|
|
hepatitis d
|
RNA delta virus.
requires obligulatory helper function of hep b virus bc there is no outer protein coat -Defective virus, Dependent of HBV |
|
|
hepatitis e
|
RNA hepevirus. fecal oral route water born
High mortality in pregnant women Enteric, Expectant mother, Epidemic |
|
|
where the does the fhb originate from
|
•Medial arm is slip from TP
•Lateral arm runs transversly, anchored to cuboid, post and medial to peroneal sulcus and lateral cuneiform, at post end of crest |
|
|
nerve supply to the dorsal lateral aspect of foot
|
sural n
|
|
|
what nerve does the medial calcaneal n. branch form
|
tibial n (pt nerve)
*supplies post comp |
|
|
what artery penetrates the adductor magnus to supply the lower end of the posterior muscles of the thigh
|
perforating branches off profunda femoris
|
|
|
nerve supply to 5th digit
|
S1
|
|
|
NERVE SUPPLY TO the 2nd digit web space
|
medial dorsal cutaneous n.
|
|
|
coxiella burnetii
-how is it transmitted?? -whats the vector?? |
Q fever
tick feces and cattle placenta release spore that are inhaled as AEROSOLS NO ARTHROPOD VECTOR presents as pneumonia Q fever is Quer because it has no rash or vector and its causative organism can survive outside in its endospore form |
|
|
what the rickettsial disease and vectors and tx?
|
r. rickettsii--rocky mountain spotted fever
r. proazekii--epidemic typhus--louse r. typhi--endemic typhus--fleas tx: doxycycline |
|
|
is typhoid fever rickettsial
|
no!!!
SALMONELLA TYPHI--causes typhoid fever |
|
|
where does the perforating peroneal anastamose
|
lateral tarsal a distal apperature of interosseous mem.
|
|
|
whooping cough
|
bordstella perussis
|
|
|
pressure, 2 point tactile discrimination from the legs go up to which spinal tract
|
fasiculus gracilis LMN
---- part of SOMATOSENSORY cortex fasciculus gracilis AKA gracile tract (T7 down) fasciculus cuneatus AKA cuneate tract (T6 up) |
|
|
actin and myosin together in which band
|
A Band
|
|
|
What is the embyrological order of appearance of the following structures
|
Lower limb buds
lumbrosacral plexus chrondro ossification |
|
|
what muscle does not go to the 5th digit
|
EDB
-extend toes 2-4 @ MPJs and IPjs |
|
|
where do posterior thigh muscles originater from
|
ischial tuberosity (ST, SM, BF long head)
|
|
|
which vitamin is an antioxidant
|
Vit A, C, E**
vit E= antioxidant---protects erythrocytes and membranes from free-radical damage |
|
|
What dz in young man with thrombosis (smoker)
|
Buerger's Dz (thromboangiitis obliterans)
*segmental thrombosing vasculitis tx: smoking cessation -heavy smokers, males <40 years of age -intermittent claudication: may lead to gangrene, autoamputation of digits, superficial nodular phlebitis -Raynaud's phenomenon is ofte present |
|
|
gout involves
|
purines
* increase uric acid levels in plasma from purine metabolism, decreased uric acid excretion |
|
|
what dz has antibodies to double stranded DNA
|
SLE
|
|
|
a patient with Kaposi and lung problems
|
Pneumocystis Jirovecii--> pneumocystis penumonia
|
|
|
what dz causes pleural mesothelioma
|
asbestos
bronchogenic carcinoma>mesothelioma |
|
|
what do you give to a pt with mutliple resistant(gram+)
|
vancomyicn
|
|
|
tx of candida albicans
|
systemic? Amphotericin V
oral thrush, esophagitis? nystatin |
|
|
if you have an OD of atropine what would happen and what is tx?
|
hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter
tx: physostigmine "physostigmine phyxes" inc body T(due to dec sweating), rapid pulse, dry mouth, dry flushed skin, CYCLOPLEGIA, constipation, disorientation blurred vision/mydriasis |
|
|
a pt come to ER with anaphylaxis what do you give
|
epinephrine
|
|
|
how do anesthetics work
|
CNS drugs must be lipid soluble (cross blood brian barrier) or be actively transported
drugs with DEC solubility in blood= rapid induction and recovery times drugs with INC solubility in lipid= INC potency Examples: N20 has ! blood and lipid solubility, and thus fast induction and low potency. Halothane, in contrast, has t lipid and blood solubility, and thus high potency and slow induction |
|
|
contraindications for Ca++ channel blockers
|
CHF
|
|
|
what drug causes hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia and hypokalemia
|
hydrochlorothiazide
-hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia, hyperGlycemia, hyperLipidemia, hyperUricemia, and hyperCalcemia.----"hyperGLUC" |
|
|
What drug catalyzes the activation of antithrombrin III and does not cross placenta
|
heparin
|
|
|
what bug most has antigenic drifts
|
influenza
Sudden shift is more deadly than gradual drift. antigenic SHIFT/genetic SHIFT: Causes pandemics. Reassortment ofviral genome; segments undergo high-frequency recombination, such as when human Au A virus recombines with swine Au A virus. genetic DRIFT Causes epidemics. Minor (antigenic drift) changes based on random mutation. |
|
|
what has pseudohyphae
|
candida albicans
|
|
|
increase urinary flow by
|
dilating afferent arterioles (inc GFR)
ANP is released from atrial myocytes in response to INC blood volume and atrial pressure. Causes generalized vascular relaxation and DEC Na+ reabsorption at the medullary collecting tubule. CONSTRICT EFFERENT renal arterioles and DILATE AFFERENT arterioles (cGMP mediated), promoting diuresis and contributing to the "escape from aldosterone" mechanism. |
|
|
how many lymph nodes in foot
|
0
|
|
|
what the most median tendon passing the ankle joint
|
tibialis anterior then EHL
|
|
|
a lesion of what nerve in leg cause loss of dorsiflexion
|
common peroneal/deep peroneal n.
|
|
|
which dz may present with reed sternberg cells, fever, painless lympphadenopathy
|
hodgkins dss
|
|
|
what anitbotic would you use for a diabetic ulcer under the 3rd met that is infected with gram(+) cocci and anaerobes
|
vancomycin
|
|
|
the major difference between skeletal and smooth m.
|
composition of contractile filaments (troponin vs calmaddin)
|
|
|
the systemic fungus that mainly affects the lungs
|
cocciodiomycosis
causes pneumonia and meningitis can disseminate to bone and skin Spherule filled with endospores (much larger than RBC) |
|
|
what is the virulence factor for TB
|
cord factor
cord factor in virulent strains inhibits macrophage maturation and induces release of TNF-a. Sulfatides (surface glycolipids) inhibit phagolysosomal fusion |
|
|
what muscle originates on ischial spine
|
superior gemellus
|
|
|
what isa sign of a basal ganglia defect
|
resting tremor- parkinson's dz (occurs @ rest, "pill polling tremor"
basal ganglia---important in voluntary movements and making postural adjustments hemiballismus, chorea, athetosis, myoclonus, dystonia, essential tremor, resting tremor, intention tremonr |
|
|
regarding the surface features of the tibia, what side is nutrient foramen on?
|
the nutrient foramen is on the posterior surface
|
|
|
MOA acyclovir
|
preferential inhibits viral DNA polymerase when phosphorylated by viral THYMIDINE KINASE-metabolic analog of nuclei acid synthesis
|
|
|
the peroneal a. is in what compartment
|
deep posterior
|
|
|
what anticancer drug blocks polymerization of microtubules?
|
vinblastine, vincristine
Alkaloids that bind to tubulin in M phase and block polymerization of microtubules so that mitotic spindle cannot form. "Microtubules are the vines of your cells." |
|
|
in which bone is the linea aspira
|
femur
|
|
|
foot with ulcer has fruity odor gram(-) pseudomonas what drug do you give
|
3rd generation cephalosporin
|
|
|
which of the diuretics can cause increase k+
|
spironolactone, eplerenone
Triamterene Amiloride --K+sparing diuretics---the K+ STAys |
|
|
which hormona interferes with NA- movement in the collecting tubules
|
aldosterone
- acts on mineralcorticoid receptor--> insertion of Na+ channel on luminal side in principle cells--enhances K+ and H+ excretion |
|
|
most common cause of esophageal inflammation
|
gastric reflux
|
|
|
which nerve passes in front of the ear and goes through the parotid gland
|
CN VII
(note: nerve courses through the parotid gland, but does not innervate it...glossopharyngeal does) |
|
|
which drug is used for open angle and closed angle glaucoma
|
pilocarpine
Contracts ciliary muscle of eye (open-angle glaucoma), pupillary sphincter (closed-angle glaucoma); resistant to AChE. "You cry, drool, and sweat on your 'pilow.' " |
|
|
if you give a beta agonist it has asympathominectic effect will NOT occur
|
increase salivary secretions
|
|
|
which ligament has a y shape
|
iliofemoral ligament
|
|
|
if there was a sudden increase in venous pressure what would be the direct effect
|
increase preload
VEnodilators (e.g., nitroglycerin) DECprEload. VAsodilators (e.g., hydrAlazine) DEC Afterload (arterial) |
|
|
if there is a lesion in the optic chiasm the result would be
|
bitemporal hemianopia
|
|
|
which CN responsible for taste in anterior 2/3 of togue
|
CN VII- facial
The anterior two thirds of the tongue: General sensation is carried by the lingual branch of CN V. Taste sensation is carried by chorda tympani of CN VII The posterior one third of the tongue: General sensation and taste are carried by CN IX. |
|
|
where is peptic ulcer located most often
|
proximal duodenum
|
|
|
when doing a KOH fungal prep scraping what are you looking for
|
hypae, budding, spores
|
|
|
what is the function of KOH fungal prep
|
to dissolve the tissue in the scraping
|
|
|
the vertebral a. is branch of
|
subclavian a.
|
|
|
what tract carries 2 point tactile sensation
|
dorsal column
|
|
|
in which part of the cerebral cortex is the motor area
|
precentral gyrus
|
|
|
the most serious type of glomerulonephritis in SLE
|
diffuse
Nephritis is common cause ofdeath in SLE. Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (if nephritic); membranous glomerulonephritis (if nephrotic). |
|
|
sensory to innervation to lateral heel
|
sural n.
|
|
|
lisfranc ligament
|
medial cumieform 1st and 2nd met
|
|
|
how do you kill endospores
|
autoclave
|
|
|
what virus cause plantar verruca
|
HPV---papillomavirus----warts
|
|
|
MOA cromolyn sodium
|
inhibits mast cell degranulation (used for asthma prophylaxis)
|
|
|
what anticancer drug nephrotoxic
|
cisplatin
AND acoustic nerve damage |
|
|
is everything stayed the same what would decrease BP
|
decrease blood vicosity
|
|
|
epinephirine does all the following except
a. decrease bronchial tone b. decrease GI motility c. increase HR d. increase bronchiole secretion |
increase brochiole secretion---bc sympathomimetic
---- Anaphylaxis, glaucoma (open angle), asthma, hypotension |
|
|
proximal origin of spring ligament
|
calcaneus
|
|
|
EBV associated with
|
infectious monoucleosis
|
|
|
patient walks in taking captropril, thiazides, digoxin, theophylline, and allapurinol the pat is not being treated for
|
asthma, chf, cardiac arrythrnis, gout..........
cardiac arrythrnis is not one |
|
|
pt presents with eye, skin rash, periorbital edema and muscle weakness in the shoulder, pelvic girdle what is pathology
|
dermatomyositis
Polymyositis-progressive symmetric proximal muscle weakness, characterized by endomysia! inflammation with CDS+ T cells. Most often involves shoulders. Dermatomyositis-similar to polymyositis, but also involves malar rash (similar to SLE), Gottron's papules, heliotrope rash , "shawl and face" rash, "mechanic's hands." INC risk of occult malignancy. Perimysial inflammation and atrophy with CD4+ T cells |
|
|
nissil bodies contains of
|
RER in neurons
synthesize enzymes (e.g., ChAT [choline acetyltransferase] makes ACh) and peptide neurotransmitters. RER:Site of synthesis of secretory (exported) proteins and of N-linked oligosaccharide addition to many proteins. |
|
|
Peptide synthesis of protein takes place where
|
RER
|
|
|
QRS complex is
|
ventricular depolarization
|
|
|
normocytic, normochromic anemis does not include
|
iron deficiency
Normocytic, normochromic anemias are classified as nonhemolytic or hemolytic. The hemolytic anemias are further classified according to the cause of the hemolysis (intrinsic vs. extrinsic to the RBC) and by the location ofthe hemolysis (intravascular vs. extravascular). |
|
|
what happends in 2nd degree heart block
|
type 1 (wenchkebach) shows a progressive prolongation of PR interval until a P wave is blocked and not followed by a QRS complex (dropped beat)
Type 2 (mobitz) shows sporadic or episodic dropped QRS complex |
|
|
autosomal recessive defect effecting electrolytes
|
cystic fibrosis
Autosomal-recessive defect in CFTR gene on chromosome 7, commonly deletion of Phe 508. CFTR channel actively secretes CJ- in lungs and Gl tract and actively reabsorbs C) from sweat. Defective Cl- channel --+ secretion of abnormally thick mucus that plugs lungs, pancreas, and liver --+ recurrent pulmonary infections (Pseudomonas species and S. aureus), chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pancreatic insufficiency (malabsorption and steatorrhea), nasal polyps, and meconium ileus in newborns. |
|
|
what is a common insertion of deltoid and spring ligament
|
navicular
•Deltoid (Med. Coll) 1 Ant tibiotalar 2 Post tibiotalar 3 Tibiocalcaneal 4 tibioNAVICULAR spring ligament: Plantar calcaneoNAVICULAR |
|
|
what shares a tendon sheath with peroneus longus
|
peroneus brevis (prox to peroneal trochlea)
|
|
|
comma shaped facet on talus
|
medial
|
|
|
pt with papule, plaques and white scales
|
psoriasis
(plaque= papule>5mm) (papule= elevated solid skin lesion<5mm) Papules and plaques with silvery scaling, especially on knees and elbows. Acanthosis with parakeratotic scaling (nuclei still in stratum corneum). INC stratum spinosum, DEC stratum granulosum. Auspitz sign - pinpoint bleeding spots from exposure of dermal papillae when scales are scraped off. Can be associated with nail pitting and psoriatic arthritis. |
|
|
phagocytic cells of liver
|
kupffer cell
|
|
|
what is an oral anticoagulant
|
warfarin (coumadin)
Interferes with normal synthesis and y-carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X and proteins C and S. Metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 pathway. In laboratory assay, has effect on EXtrinsic pathway and INC PT. Long half- life. The EX-PresidenT went to war(farin). |
|
|
what is the problem associated with loop kinectics
|
hypokalemia---furosemide and ethacrynic acid
Inhibits cotransport system (Na+, K+, 2 CJ-) of thick ascending limb of loop of Henle |
|
|
mother donates a kidney to her child what type of graft
|
allograft--fron nonidentical individual of SAME species
---- autograft: from self syneneic graft: fro identical twin or clonr allograft: from nonidentical indiv of same species xenograft: from different species |
|
|
urease+organism
|
Cryptococcus, H. pylori, Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus.
CHuck Norris hates PUNKSS |
|
|
causes tardive dyskinesis
|
antipsychotics
Haloperidol, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine, thioriclazine, chlorpromazine (haloperidol + "-azines"). Tardive dyskinesia- stereotypic oral facial movements as a result of long-term antipsychotic use. Often irreversible. |
|
|
gas gangrene
|
clostridium perfringens
|
|
|
nerve to medial compartment of thigh
|
obturator
|
|
|
patella articulate with what bone only
|
femur
|
|
|
medial rotator of pelvis
|
gluteus medius & minimus, tensor fascia lata, gracilis, pectineus, adductr magnus, ST
|
|
|
1st hear sound
|
closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
(av valves |
|
|
2nd heart sound
|
closure of pulmonary and aortic valves (sl valves)
|
|
|
lateral and medial femoral circumflex from
|
deep femoral (profunda femoris_
|
|
|
rheumatic fever effect which heart valve
|
mitral (micuspid)
|
|
|
distal surface of medial cuneiform is what shape
|
kidney
|
|
|
cytoskeleton made of
|
actin and myosin
microtubule intermediate filaments |
|
|
what tissue doesnt have glucose-6-phosphatase
|
*muscle *
gluconeogenesis in ER: glucose-6-p-->glucose Occurs primarily in liver. Enzymes also found in kidney, intestinal epithelium. Deficiency of the key gluconeogenic enzymes causes hypoglycemia. (Muscle cannot participate in gluconeogenesis because it lacks glucose-6-phosphatase) . |
|
|
what is the site of cyanide inhibition
|
cytochrom oxidase complex
--complex IX in electron transport chain, it Directly inhibit electron transport, causing a DEC proton gradient and block of ATP synthesis. |
|
|
what component of bacterial cell wall decrease phagocytosis
|
capsule:
made of Polysaccharide (except Bacillus anthracis, which contains D-glutamate) |
|
|
type of collagen in basement membrane
|
IV
Be (So Totally) Cool, Read Books. type 1: bone, Type II: carTWOlage, Type III; defective in Ehlers-Danlos (ThreED), Type IV: under the flood (basement membrane) Type I: Most common (90%)-Bone, Skin, Tendon, dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair Defective in osteogenesis imperfecta. Type II: Cartilage (including hyaline), vitreous body, nucleus pulposus. Type III: Teticulin-skin, blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue Type IV: Basement membrane or basal lamina defective in Alport Syndrome |
|
|
DOC for rickettsial infections
|
doxycycline
|
|
|
oral thrush
|
candida
|
|
|
virus with reverse transcriptase, RNA supresses T4 cells
|
HIV
|
|
|
What is used for uncoupling of the actin and myosin complex
|
ATP
|
|
|
what does anterior pituitary secret?
|
FLAT PiG : FSH, LH, ACTH, T SH, Prolactin,
GH. |
|
|
myasthenia gravis is what type of hypersensitivty
|
II
|
|
|
TB is what type of hypersensitivity
|
IV
type IV Multiple sclerosis Guillain-Barre syndrome Graft-versus-host disease PPD (test forM. tuberculosis) Contact dermatitis (e.g., poison ivy, nickel allergy) ~~~~~ ACID: Anaphylactic and Atopic (type I) Cytotoxic (antibody mediated) (type II) Immune complex (type Ill) Delayed (cell mediated) (type IV) |
|
|
who is in positive nitrogen balance
|
pregnant woman
|
|
|
thick filament
|
myosin
• Sarcomere = from 1 Z line to the other Z line. o Distance will decrease during contraction • Light chain = actin • Heavy chain = myosin • A band = length of myosin o Contains both Myosin and actin o No change in length during contraction • I band = o Has only actin in it o No overlap à will shrink during muscle contraction • H band = o Has only myosin o No overlap à will shrink during muscle contraction |
|
|
thin filamen
|
actin
|
|
|
is anterior tibial a obstructed blood goes through what
|
perforating peroneal
|
|
|
which layer is deep plantar arch
|
the plantar arterial arch & deep br of LPN run in btw layers 3&4
|
|
|
if dorsalis pedis removed what will supply circulation
|
anterior tibial, perforating peroneal
|
|
|
what is the most proximal brach of anterior tibial a.?
|
posterior tibial recurrent
|
|
|
what is characterstics of skeletal m but cardiac m.
|
short AP duration
|
|
|
what gives preganglionic sympathetic fibers
|
great splanchnic
|
|
|
cardiac glycosides work by
|
Cardiac glycosides (digoxin and digitoxin)
directly inhibit the Na+-K+ ATPase, which leads to indirect inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange -->INC [Ca2+] --> INC cardiac contractility. |
|
|
where b cells mainly produced
|
bone marrow
|
|
|
what muscle opposes the action of 2nd dorsal interossei m.
|
1 dorsal interossei
|
|
|
what artery do most of the dorsal metatarsal arteries brach from
|
arcuate a.
|
|
|
what atery do most of the plantar metatarsal arteries branch from
|
deep plantar arch
|
|
|
plague
|
yersinia pestis----gleats (rats and prairie dogs are reservoirs)
|
|
|
what nerve supplies the dorsal 1st web space
|
deep peroneal n
|
|
|
iliofemoral ligament
|
y shaped, ligament of bigalow, strongest of hip ligament
|
|
|
which muscle is attached to the tibia and fibula in posterior compartment
|
tibialis posterior
|
|
|
which of the following doesnt cross the ankle joint: ehl , edl, peroneus tetrius, edb?
|
EDB
|
|
|
which surface of the cuboid doesnt have a smooth articular surface
|
lateral
|
|
|
which of the following is most easily palpated on medial arch
|
navicular tuberosity
|
|
|
prokaryotic cell dont have
|
membrane bound organelles
|
|
|
SLE and sjorgens are what type of hypersensitivity
|
type III
SLE Polyarteritis nodosa Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis Serum sickness Arthus reaction (e.g., swelling and inflammation following tetanus vaccine) |
|
|
What GI hormone increases gastric motillity
|
gastrin
|
|
|
oxidasive phosphorylation produces
|
ATP
-- ADH electrons from glycolysis enter mitochondria via the malate-aspartate or glycerol-3- phosphate shuttle. FADH7 electrons are transferred to complex II (at a lower energy level than NADH) . The passage of electrons results in the formation of a proton gradient that, coupled to oxidative phosphorylation, drives the PRODUCTION OF ATP. |
|
|
What is the precursor of catecholamines
|
tyrosine
|
|
|
Paget disease of bone
|
a condition caused by disordered bone remodeling in which excessive bone reabsorption initially results in lytic lesions, to be followed by disorganized and excessive bone formation.
AKA osteitis deformans. INC ALP correlating to osteoblastic activity. the diagnostic histiologics feature of disease is abnormal arrangement of lamellar bone island of irregular formation jigsaw puzzle/mosaic pattern in bone uncoupling of OSTEOBLASTIC and OSTEOCLASTIC activites |
|
|
woolsorter's dz
|
bacillus anthrasis
|
|
|
tetanus
|
Tetanus is tetanic paralysis (blocks glycine and GABA release [inhibitory neurotransmitters]) from Renshaw cells in spinal cord.
Causes spastic paralysis, trismus (lockjaw), and risus sarclonicus. |
|
|
organism associated with pseudomembranous colitis
|
clostridium difficile
|
|
|
hiv virus has receptors for which of the following
|
CD4 Thelper
|
|
|
chancroid
|
Haemophilus ducreyi (it's so painful, you "do cry")
Painful genital ulcer, inguinal adenopathy |
|
|
pellagra is associated with deficiency of what
|
Vit B3 (niacin)
Symptoms ofpellagra: Diarrhea, Dementia, and Dermatitis. |
|
|
traveler's diarrhea
|
E.Coli
ETEC: Labile toxin/stable toxin. No inflammation or invasion. tx? bismuth, sucralfate |
|
|
lesch-nyham syndrome is associated with
|
He's Got Purine Recovery Trouble
purine salvage problem owning to absence of HGPRTase which converts to hypoxanthine to IMP and guanine to guanosine memophosate GMP. X linked recessive- results in increase uric acid production and de novo purine synthesis |
|
|
hansen's dz
|
Caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an acid-fast bacillus that likes cool temperatures (infects skin and superficial nerves-"glove and stocking" loss of sensation) and cannot be grown in vitro.
|
|
|
fungi cell wall component
|
rich in ERGOSTEROL.
peptidomarnans-major antigenic structure of fungi. chitin-long unbranched chains of poly-N-acetylglucosamine glucans-polymers of glucose. CHITIN provide cell wall strength |
|
|
staph aureus
|
gram+spherical cocci- irregular clusters- creamy white-golden yellow on blood agar
coagulose+catalase+metabolizes mannitol. |
|
|
staphylococcus species
|
gram+cocci-irregular clusters.
non spore forming non motile catalase+ |
|
|
staphylococcus epidermis
|
coagulase -
ferments GLUCOSE doesnt ferment mannitol. white colonies. no hemolysis predisposed by percutaneous placement of foreign bodies |
|
|
pontiac dz
|
legionella
*Legionnaires' disease = severe pneumonia, fever, GI and CNS symptoms. *Pontiac fever = mild Au-like syndrome. *Gram-negative rod. Gram stains poorly-use silver stain. Grow on charcoal yeast extract culture with iron and cysteine. Detected clinically by presence of antigen in urine. Aerosol transmission from environmental water source habitat. No person-to-person transmission. **Treatment: macrolide or quinolone. Think ofa French legionnaire (soldier) with his silver helmet, sitting around a campfire (charcoal) with his iron dagger-he is no sissy (cysteine). |
|
|
staphylococcus saprophyticus
|
coagulase-
doesnt glucose/mannitol fermentation. second most common UTI pathogen |
|
|
what part of the GI tract absorbs a.a.?
|
jejunum
|
|
|
jugular notch is in what bone?
|
manubirum
|
|
|
tophi develop in?
|
purine metabolism defect (gout)
|
|
|
MOA ACTH
|
anterior pit. hormone controllig the growth and secretions of adrenal cortex CORTISOL and ANDROGENS.
exhibits circadian rhythm, feed back and variety of stimuli Mediated by CRH* |
|
|
Streptococcus
|
small ovoid cocci, arranged in chans
gram + non-spore forming, non motile. no catalase |
|
|
strep pyogenes
|
group a strep. beta hemolytic cause
RHEUMATIC FEVER(progressive as accompanying pharyngitis) may cause valvular damage(mitral) murmur, enlargement and weak heart. must use prophylaxis. *scalet fever (sclarlitina) *eryslpieas, necrotizing fascitis, acute strep endocarditis |
|
|
strep agalactiae
|
group b -beta hemoluytic
*leading cause of pneunomanias, sepsis, meingitis in first 2 months of life |
|
|
step anginosus
|
group A,C,F,G beta hemolytic.
|
|
|
strep pneumonia
|
lancet bullet shape generally in pairs
alpha hemolytic. no lance antigen. Quelling xrns. optichin + |
|
|
strep viridans
|
alpha hemolytic, optichin - , associated with dental work
|
|
|
which is the only strep that is bacitracin sensitive
|
step pyogenes
|
|
|
what causes lyme dz and what is the clinical manifestation of dz
|
cause: borrelia burgdorferi (spirochte) transmitted by bites of ixodes tick.
primary syndrome: erythema chronicum migransreddened macular/papular lesion with central clearing and raised border. *secondary manifestation: stiff neck, facial palsies, peripheral neuropathy. cardiac manifestations myocarditis-AV block teritary manifestations- recurrent anthralgia and arthiritis |
|
|
MOA aldosterone
|
major product of mineralo cotricoids of zona glomerulosa(adrenal cortex). sustains extra cellular fluid volume by conserving Na+.
*secreted in response to a signal from juxtaglumerular celss of kidney *JGc cells-renin-angitensinogen--angiotesin I--II--aldosterone---DCT. (may be responsible for K+ regulation) *stimulus for secretion: decreased blood volume, increase plasma K+ *action on kidneys: increase Na+ reabsorption increase K+ excretion increase H+ secretion in distal tubule |
|
|
MOA ADH
|
AKA arginine vasopressin (AVP) and secreted from posterior pituaitary. acts to regulate water in blood fluid.
synthesized by hypothalmic neurons and regulated by osmoticand volume stimuli acting on the renal cells responsible for reabsorption. ADH increase vascular tone by vasoconstriction. Also a CRF and neurotransmitter with in brain for long term memory. Stimulus for secretion: increase plasma osmolarity, decrease blood volume. *Action on kidneys: increase water permeability on principle cells in collecting ducts |
|
|
bence-jones protein
|
is present in the urine in up to 75% of cases of Multiple myeloma.
the neoplastic clone of plasma cells may secrete excess light chains |
|
|
what is mycosis fungoides
|
aka Sezary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Adults present with cutaneous patches/nodules. CD4+, indolent course. Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells |
|
|
what sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
|
post central sulcus
|
|
|
what does the deep peroneal n. innervate?
|
EDB and EHB (lat terminal branch), 1st DI
|
|
|
reserpine
|
anti-hypertensive-depletes NE, DOPA, and serotonin from nerve terminals, sedative, neuron blocker
|
|
|
what does aldosterone
|
secretion of K, REABSORPTION OF Na ( arrow up Na+, down arrow K +)
|
|
|
what is the origin of EDB
|
unnamed tubercle at lateral end of calcaneal sulcus
lateral surface of calcaneus � |
