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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carcinoma: origin
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epithelial
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Sarcoma: origin
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mesenchymal
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Psammoma bodies: which tumors
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PSaMMoma
Papillary adenocarcinoma (thyroid) Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma (ovary) Meningioma Malignant Mesothelioma |
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Plummer-Vinson syndrom: may progress to...
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Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
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Red infarcts occur in...
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Loose tissues with collaterals
- liver - lungs - intestine OR following reperfusion |
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Pale infarcts occur in...
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Solid tissues with single blood supply
- heart - kidney - spleen |
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That cytokines are important in granulomas
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TNF-alpha and gamma
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How to neutralize free radicals
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- Superoxide dismutase
- Glutathione peroxidase - Catalase Vitamins A,C,E |
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Exudate: due to...
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- Lymphatic obstruction
- Inflammation |
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Transudate: due to...
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- inc hydrostatic pressure
- dec oncotic pressure - Na+ retention |
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Dec ESR: (3)
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Sickle cell (altered shape)
Polycythemia (too many) CHF (unknown) |
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Metaplasia: definition
Reversible? |
One adult cell type is replaced by another
- secondary to irritation/environmental exposure - REVERSIBLE |
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Dysplasia: definition
Reversible? |
Abnormal growth
Loss of orientation, shape, size Preneoplastic - REVERSIBLE |
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Anaplasia: definition
Reversible? |
Abnormal cells
Lack differentiation No resemblance to tissue of origin Pleiomorphism Hyperchromatism Inc mitoses IRREVERSIBLE |
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Desmoplasia: definition
Reversible? |
Fibrous tissue
formed in response to neoplasm IRREVERSIBLE |
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Neoplasia: definition
Reversible? |
clonal proliferation
uncontrolled, excessive IRREVERSIBLE |
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Grade: based on...
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Histology
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Stage: based on...
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Spread
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Stage vs. Grade: higher prognostic value?
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Stage
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Rhabdomyo... =
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Skeletal muscle
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Leiomyo...=
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Smooth muscle
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Benign teratoma
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Mature teratoma (women)
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Malignant teratoma
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Immature and mature teratoma (men)
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Autoimmune diseases: associated with what neoplasm
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Lymphoma
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Acanthosis nigricans: associated with what neoplasm
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Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
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Actinic keratosis: neoplasm?
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
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Dysplastic nevus: neoplasm?
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Malignant melanoma
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Radiation exposure: neoplasm?
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Sarcoma
Papillary thyroid tumor |
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Melanoma: associated gene?
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p16 (9p)
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Bombesin: tumor marker for:
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neuroblastoma
lung and gastric cancer |
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CA-19-9: tumor marker for...
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Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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Schistosoma: associated cancer?
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Squamous cell carcinoma of transitional epithelium (bladder)
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Lambert-Eaton syndrome: can result from what neoplasm?
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Thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma
- releases Abs against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at NMJ |
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1st leading cause of death in US
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Heart diesaes
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2nd leading cause of death in US
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Cancer
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Mets to brain
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Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia
Lung Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (renal cell carcinoma) GI |
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Mets to liver
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Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver
Colon Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung |
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Mets to bone
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PT Barnum Loves Kids
Prostate (blastic) Thyroid Testes Breast (lytic and blastic) Lung (lytic) Kidney |
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AIDS: neoplasm?`
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Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's) and Kaposi sarcoma
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Tuberous sclerosis: neoplasms?
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Astrocytoma
Angiomyolipoma Cardiac rhabdomyoma |
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Hemorrhagic cystitis: assoc with what drug?
Prevent? |
cyclophosphamide
mesna |
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Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis: sign of...
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Hypercoagulability (Trousseau's sign)
Cancer of the pancreas head |
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Collagen vascular disease associated with an underlying malignancy
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Dermatomyositis
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What marker can be used to determine if lymphocytes in ALL have B cell lineage
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CD22+
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CD4/CD8 in hypersensitivity pneumonitis
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decreased
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What to use for anaerobic infections in aspiration pneumonia or lung abscess
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Clindamycin
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What to use for Bacterioides and Clostridium?
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Above the diaphragm (aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess) --> Clindamycin
Below the diaphragm (GI) --> metronidazole |
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significance of capillary wedge pressure in pulmonary edema
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Inc --> cardiogenic cause
Normal --> noncardiogenic cause (ARDS) |
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Selective Ig deficiency --> presentation
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Sinus and lung infections
Milk allergies & diarrhea Anaphylaxis when exposure to blood products with IgA |
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C1 deficiency --> predisposed to...
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SLE
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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency - defect in:
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LF1 integrin (CD18) protein on phagocytes
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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency - clinical
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Recurrent bacterial infections
Absent pus formation Delayed separation of umbilicus |
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Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine: nephrotoxicity looks like...
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Acute tubular necrosis
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Cyclosporine: prevent nephrotoxicity by...
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mannitol diuresis
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Tacrolimus: toxicity
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Nephrotoxicity
Peripheral neuropathy Hypertension Pleural effusion Hyperglycemia |
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Loss of E-cadherin -->
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disrupt epithelial adhesion
(ie: metastasis, cancer) |
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NF1: function
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suppress ras
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ras: function
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cell growth and prolif
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bcl-2: function
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inhibit apoptosis
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Location:
BRCA1 BRCA2 |
BRCA1: 17q
BRCA2: 13q |
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MAP kinase: signaling pathway
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ras
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IL-2: receptor
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JAK/STAT (has an associated tyrosine kinase)
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cytokines: receptor
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JAK/STAT
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ANP: receptor
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has intrinsic guanylate cyclase activity
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Neuroblastoma:
- stain positive for... - biological marker - urine... |
S-100, synaptophysin, chromogranin
N-myc (chr 2) VMA, HVA |
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Most common CNS tumor in immunosuppressed
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primary CNS lymphoma
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Primary CNS lymphoma - starins positive for...
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CD20
CD79a |
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Enzyme marker of osteoblasts
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Alkaline phosphatase
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Blood vessel tumor: benign, malignant
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Benign - Hemangioma
Malignant - Angiosarcoma |
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erb-B2
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Oncogene, Tyrosine kinase
Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas |
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abl
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Tyrosine kinase
CML oncogene |
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c-myc
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Transcription factor
Burkitt Lymphoma |
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bcl-2
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Anti-apoptotic molecule
Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis) oncogene |
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ras
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GTPase
oncogene Colon carcinoma |
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L-myc
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transcription factor
Lung tumor oncogene |
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N-myc
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transcription factor
Neuroblastoma oncogene |
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ret
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Tyrosine kinase
oncogene MEN II and III |
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c-kit
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cytokine receptor
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor oncogene |
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Erb-B1
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squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
oncogene |
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TGF-a
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astrocytoma
hepatocellular carcinoma oncogene |
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sis
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astrocytoma
osteosarcoma oncogene |
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WT1
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11p
Wilm's tumor tumor suppressor |
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p53: chromosome
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17p
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APC: chromosome
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5q
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DPC
DCC |
18q
tumor suppressor gene (deleted in colon/pancreatic cancer) |
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Pro-angiogenesis
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VEGF
FGF |
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What is this an example of:
- numerous, abnormal mitoses - giant multinucleated tumor cells |
Anaplasia
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Adenine has a...
Guanine has a.... |
Adenine - amino
Guanine - ketone |
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Cytosine has a...
Uracil has a.... Thymine has a.... |
Cytosine - amino
Uracil - ketone Thymine - ketone and methyl |
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Amino acids necessary for purine synth:
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Glycine
Aspartate Glutamine |
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Components of pyrimidine
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Carbamoyl phosphate
Aspartate |
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Immunohistochemical stain for endothelium
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CD34
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Kaposi sarcoma arises from...
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primitive mesenchymal cells
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Extrinsic apoptosis - receptors
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Fas-R (CD95)
TNF receptor 1 |
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Intrinsic apoptosis:
pro-apoptotic molecules anti-apoptotic |
Bax, Bak, Bim
Bcl-2, Bcl-x |
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What tumor has
- chromogranin - synaptophysin - neuron-specific enolase |
Small cell lung carcinoma
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What tumor has
- EGF receptors - mucin - surfactant associated proteins |
Non-small cell lung carcinomas
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What tumor has vimentin
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Mysenchymal origin (sarcoma)
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What tumor has LCA or CD45
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Malignant lymphoma
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Effects of TNF-a
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- tumor cell necrosis
- cachexia - sepsis |
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Effects of IFN-a
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Anti-viral
Anti-tumor |
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TNF-a: theraputuc purpose of inhibition
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Crohn's disease
RA Psoriatic arthritis ankylosing spondylitis |
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TNF-a inhibitors
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Inflixumab
Adalimumab |
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What activates/metabolizes
6-MP 6-TG |
Activate: HGPRT
Metabolize: only 6-MP - xanthine oxidase (inc toxicity with allopurinol) |
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What origin does a cell staining for myeloperoxidase have (MPO)
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Myeloid
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Receptor that mediates cytokine release
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Toll-like receptor
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Most common sarcoma in children
Stains positive for... |
Rhabdomyosarcoma
(Sarcoma botryoides) Desmin |
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Adrenal medulla tumor - stains for...
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S-100 (neuroblastoma)
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1 and 2 Most common sites for lymphoma not in lymph node
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stomach (H. pylori)
terminal ileum (peyer's patch) |
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Peutz-Jegher's: inc risk of CRC?
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Yes
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Peutz-Jegher's: histo
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goblet cells
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Choristoma
Heterotopic rest Example |
Benign tissue in a place it shouldn't be
Meckel's diverticulum - gastric mucosa |
