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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What kind of stain is this?
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Gram Stain
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Is this gram negative or gram positive?
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Gram negative
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Is this gram negative or positive?
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Gram positive
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What are the dyes involved in gram staining? Also, give exact procedure.
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1. Heat fix
2. CRYSTAL VIOLET (20 sec) 3. GRAM'S IODINE (1 min) 4. EtOH (10-20 sec) 5. SAFRANIN (1 min) |
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What are the dyes purposes in gram staining?
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1. Crystal Violet is a primary stain that stains both positive and negative bacteria
2. Gram's Iodine is a mordant that complexes with gram-positive bacteria to form an insoluble complex. 3. Safranin is a counterstain that stains the color-less gram-negative cells |
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Name a gram positive (A) bacteria and a gram negative bacteria (B)
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A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Pseudomonas flourescens |
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What is the difference between the cell walls of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria?
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Gram-positive cell walls consist of many layers of peptidoglycan and do not posses a lipid outer membrane
Gram-negative cell walls on the other hand have only one or a few layers of peptidoglycan but posses an outer membrane consisting of various lipid complexes. |
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Identify the object in the picture
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Spore-forming bacteria
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Identify the stain pictured
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Spore Stain
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Halo
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Name an acid-fast bacterium
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Mycobacterium smegmatis
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Why do bacteria form spores?
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To protect itself from harsh conditions
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Why are bacteria heat-fixed?
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To ensure that the bacteria adhere to the cell
To kill the organism |
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List some basic dyes
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Congo Red
Methylene Blue Malachite Green |
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List a few acidic dyes
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Nigrosin
Eosin |
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Why do basic dyes bind to bacteria?
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Basic stains typically have a colored cation such as crystal violet combined with a colorless anion such as chloride. Bacterial cell walls have a negative charge so the positively charged crystal violet binds to the negatively charged cell wall.
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What are the reagents used (in order) of the Schaeffer-Fulton stain?
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1. cover with small piece of paper towel and saturate with MALACHITE GREEN (5 min.)
2. Rinse (30 sec) 3. Counterstain with SAFRANIN (20 sec) 4. Rinse 5. Blot dry |
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Under what circumstances are slides not heat-fixed prior to staining.
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When doing a capsule stain.. the capsule may shrink or be destroyed.
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What arrangement of bacteria is this? Strep or Staph?
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Strep
(in chains) |
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What arrangement of bacteria is this?
Strep or Staph? |
Staph
(in clusters like grapes) |
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Is this cocci or rods?
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Cocci
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Cocci or Rods?
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Rods
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What is rheumatoid factor?
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Antibodies against self
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What illness is associated with rheumatoid factor?
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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What makes an organism acid-fast?
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High lipid content in the cell wall and a waxy material called mycolic acid
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What reagent's (in order) are used in the acid-fast stain?
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1. Heat fix
2. Carbolfuchsin (5 mins) 3. Wash 4. Decolorize with acid alcohol (1 min) 5. Rinse 6. Counterstain with methylene blue (30 sec) 7. Rinse 8. Blot dry |
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What stain is this?
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Acid fast
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What stain is this?
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capsule stain
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What are the reagents used in a capsule stain?
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1. Two loopfuls of organism are mixed in a small drop of india ink
2. Spread over slide and air dry 3. gently heat-fix 4. Crystal violet (1 min) 5. Wash 6. Blot dry |
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What is the benefit of a capsule for bacteria?
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Protection
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What kind of leukocyte is pictured?
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Basophil
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What kind of leukocyte is pictured?
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Eosinophil
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What kind of leukocyte is pictured?
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Lymphocyte
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What kind of leukocyte is pictured?
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Monocyte
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What kind of leukocyte is pictured?
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Neutrophil
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Which leukocyte is most prevalent in a healthy individual?
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Neutrophils
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What stain is used in the differential leukocyte count?
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Wright's stain
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What is the factor destroyed by heat inactivation of serum
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Complement
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What was the time and temperature used by heat activation?
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56º for 30 min.
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What organism is the coagulase test used to identify
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It is used to distinguish between different types of Staphylococcus isolates.
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Understand the coagulase test
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Coagulase is an enzyme produced by Staphylococcus aureus that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. Coagulase reacts with prothrombin in the blood. The resulting complex is called staphylothrombin, which causes blood to clot by converting fibrinogen to fibrin. Coagulase is tightly bound to the surface of the bacteria S. aureus and can coat its surface with fibrin upon contact with blood.
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What type of hemolysis is pictured?
Alpha, Beta, or Gamma? |
Alpha
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What type of hemolysis is pictured?
Alpha, Beta, or Gamma? |
Beta
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All three types in one plate
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hemolysis three types
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How is bacitracin used to differentiate the Streptococci?
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One type of Streptococci is more resistant than others
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What is the component mixed with the microbe in the rabbit hyper-immunization?
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Mineral oil
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What microorganism is used for the rabbit hyper-immunization
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S. epidermidis
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What is the function of the component mixed with the microbe in the rabbit hyper-immunization lab?
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Enhance immune responsiveness to antigens
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Explain blood typing reactions
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If you have A blood and you put it with A antibodies, B antibodies, and no antibodies (O) you would an agglutination
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How can you differentiate Streptococci from Staphylococci using the Gram stain?
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Streptococci are in chains
Staphylococci are in clusters |
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What makes the media for testing Staphylococci selective? Differential?
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It is selective because it is sugar (MSA) and it is differential because of the salt
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What is agar gel diffusion used for?
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technique used to investigate the serological relationships between species and strains of Streptomyces
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Why do lines of precipitate form during agar gel diffusion?
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Because the antigen and serum are becoming equally distributed
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