Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
An individual with pernicious anemia would have an (elevated, normal, low) MCHC
|
Normochromic - NORMAL
|
|
|
This term describes a blood smear in which the erythrocytes vary in shape
|
Polikocytosis
|
|
|
Iron is stored in the bone marrow in this form
|
Hemosiderin
|
|
|
This condition if chronic can lead pernicious anemia.
|
Chronic Gastritis
|
|
|
This type of polycythemia results from dehydration
|
Relative
|
|
|
Polycythemia causes an (increase, decrease, normal) blood pressure because of an (increase, decrease, normal) viscocity.
|
Increase, increase
|
|
|
Why do people with anemias often have increased respiratory rates?
|
Compensation method - low BV or RBCs- low O2-hypoxemia = Increased RR
|
|
|
By which mechanism does a lack of intrinsic factor result in anemia
|
Decreased RBC production
|
|
|
How do you treat someone with pernicious anemia
|
Vit B12 injections or high oral doses
|
|
|
Why might people with iron deficient anemia get frequent infections?
|
Because iron is involved in some unknown way in immune function
|
|
|
Define Hemolytic Anemia
|
Immune system destroys RBCs cause: idiopathic or drug/toxin induced such as PCN
|
|
|
Give one example of something that causes hemolytic anemia
|
Drugs/toxins such as PCN - the body produces antibodies to PCN similar to RBC antibodies so the body kills RBCs
|
|
|
Explain why people with hemolytic anemia are often jaundiced
|
The HEME portion of hemoglobin is made up of iron and bilirubin. When RBCs are destroyed faster than the body can make bile then bilirubin floats in the blood and makes the person appear yellow - jaundiced
|
|
|
Explain how chronic anemia can result in increased cardiac output and heart failure
|
Thin blood viscocity increases the workload for the heart (inc preload, HR, SV, CO, and decreased afterload to try to get more O2 to tissues) and it eventually gets tired - decompensation
|
|
|
What is DIC?
|
Disseminating Intravascular Coagulation
|
|
|
Explain what causes DIC (be sure to include the names of chemical mediators involved in the process)
|
Combination of bleeding and clotting at the same time. Injury - release of tissue factors - increased thrombin, histamine & plasmin - break down clot (fibrinolysis) - body uses up ability to make new clots because old clots aren't being broken down. Shock is what kills person not clots.
|
|
|
Describe how shock can kill a person
|
Shock = hypotension-poor blood flow - complement - histamine - vasoldilation - hypotension
|
|
|
What are some of the causes of DIC?
|
Retained fetus, eclampsia, sepsis, burns, ischemia,
|
|
|
What are the symptoms asssociated with DIC?
|
Hemorrhage, ecchymosis (bleeding under the skin), shock, petechia (small dots of blood under the skin) thrombus effects which very by organ affected.
|
|
|
What is the Tx for DIC?
|
Heparin - to break down clots while trying not to let the patient bleed too much.
|
|
|
What is the Tx for hemolytic anemia?
|
Blood transfusions, suppress immune system - prednisone
|
|
|
What is the term that means RBCs stick together due to antibodies on the outside of the RBC?
|
Agglutination
|
|
|
In what type of anemia would you see agglutinated RBCs?
|
Hemolytic anemia
|
|
|
What is the term that means too many RBCs?
|
Polycythemia
|
|
|
What type of polycythemia is due to abnormal bone marrow that makes too many RBCs?
|
Primary absolute polycythemia
|
|
|
What type of polycythemia is due to high altitude or an increased O2 need?
|
Secondary absolute polycythemia
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of polycythemia?
|
Increased blood viscosity, Thrombus formation, plethora (especially red coloring) aquagenic pruritis (people become itchy when skin comes in contact with water
|
|
|
What type of blood disorder can cause aquagenic pruritis?
|
Polycythemia
|
|
|
How is polycythemia treated?
|
Phlebotomy - remove blood to maintain a HCT of less than 45%
|
|
|
What are some cardiac issues related to anemia?
|
Heart murmur due to decreased viscosity, low BP due to decreased pressure = increased flow and decreased resistance. Increased EDV, SV, CO, HR, Stretch, decreased afterload. Heart failure -decompensation
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of hemolytic anemia?
|
Jaundice, splenomegaly, general symptoms, decompensated - heart murmur, hyperpneia (increased resp. rate)
|
|
|
What are the extravascular effects of hemolytic anemia?
|
RBC Macrophages of the spleen and liver
|
|
|
What are the intravascular effects of hemolytic anemia?
|
RBC's are lysed inside the blood vessel and heme is recycled
|
|
|
Define the Hapten model
|
When the body makes antibodies that inadvertently kill RBCs
|
|
|
What is the most common form of hemolytic anemia?
|
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia - immune system destroys RBCs
|
|
|
What is the treatment for iron deficiency anemia?
|
Ferrous iron supplements
|
|
|
What types of anemias are normocytic normochromic?
|
Hemolytic, sickle cell, anemia of chronic disease, acute blood loss
|
|
|
How is iron deficiency anemia diagnosed?
|
Low levels of Hb , HCT, serum ferratin and serum transferrin
|
|
|
Describe the first stage of iron deficiency anemia
|
Asymptomatic. Low ferritin, low iron stores, enough RBCs, Normal HCT and Hb
|
|
|
Describe the second stage of iron deficiency anemia
|
Low Hb, HCT, serum ferritin and serum transferrin, decreased iron stores
|
|
|
Describe the third stage of iron deficiency anemia
|
Physically symptomatic on a daily basis - no iron stores, low Hb, HCT, serum ferritin and serum transferrin
|
|
|
Where is iron stored?
|
Inside macrophages in the liver, spleen and some bone marrow as ferritin or hemosiderin
|
|
|
In what form is iron used in the body?
|
Hemoglobin
|
|
|
Where is iron absorbed in the body?
|
Duodenum, stomach, ileum and colon
|
|
|
What are 2 functions of iron in the body?
|
Hemoglobin synthesis - stored iron and used iron, involved in immune functions
|
|
|
How would you describe the RBCs of a person with iron deficiency anemia?
|
Microcytic hypochromic (low MCV and low MCHC)
|
|
|
What is the most common type of anemia world-wide?
|
Iron deficiency anemia
|
|
|
What is the most common reason for iron deficiency anemia in the US?
|
Chronic blood loss
|
|
|
What is the Tx for pernicious anemia?
|
Vit B12 injections
|
|
|
Where does hemoglobin breakdown happen?
|
Inside a macrophage of the liver, spleen and bone marrow
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of pernicious anemia?
|
Classic symptoms, neurologic symptoms - ataxia, lack of proprioception, beefy red tongue, sallow skin, pallor and jaundice
|
|
|
Why does a person with pernicious anemia have neurological symptoms?
|
B12 is important for myelin production
|
|
|
Why does a person with pernicious anemia have a beefy red tongue?
|
Gastritis leads to esophagitis which leads to glossitis
|
|
|
What age group is most likely to be affected by pernicious anemia?
|
Over 60
|
|
|
Why does chronic gastritis cause pernicious anemia?
|
Parietal cells in the stomach change to goblet cells and no longer make HCl and intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is necessary to absorb Vit B12
|
|
|
How would you describe the RBCs of a person with pernicious anemia?
|
Macrocytic normochromic
|
|
|
Why are RBCs macrocytic with pernicious anemia?
|
Because the RBCs are being made larger than they should be in the bone marrow so the macrophages destroy them
|
|
|
What is the outcome of all anemias if not treated?
|
Tissue hypoxia because of decreased RBCs which means decreased Hemoglobin which means decreased O2 to tissues
|
|
|
What are the common symptoms of all anemias?
|
Weakness (decreased O2=decreased ATP), pallor (decreased RBCs=decreased color), dizziness (decreased O2 to brain), Increased resp rate (to increase O2)
|
|
|
What is the definition of anemia?
|
Decrease in RBCs and/or hemoglobin
|
|
|
What are the 4 general mechanisms that lead to anemia?
|
Decrease in RBC production, blood loss, increased RBC destruction, or a combination
|
|
|
What is the test you would use to measure the proportion of RBCs vs. plasma?
|
Hematocrit
|
|
|
What is the term used to describe RBCs that are light in color?
|
Hypochromic
|
|
|
What is the term used to describe RBCs that are normal color?
|
Normochromic
|
|
|
What is the term used to describe RBCs that are smaller than they should be?
|
Microcytic
|
|
|
What is the term used to describe RBCs that are larger than they should be?
|
Macrocytic
|
|
|
What is the term used to describe RBCs that are normal size?
|
Normocytic
|
|
|
What does MCHC stand for?
|
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin count
|
|
|
What does MCHC mean?
|
It is the count of the average hemoglobin in a single RBC body
|
|
|
What does MCV stand for?
|
Mean corpuscular volume
|
|
|
What does MCV mean?
|
It is the measurement of the average size of RBCs
|
|
|
What is the term that describes RBCs that are not uniform in size?
|
Anisocytosis
|
|
|
What is the term that describes RBCs that are not uniform in shape?
|
Polikocytosis
|
|
|
What does CBC stand for?
|
Complete blood count
|
|
|
What does HCT stand for?
|
Hematocrit
|
|
|
What does Hb stand for?
|
Hemoglobin
|
|
|
What is the vitamin and the mineral that are needed for blood clotting?
|
Vitamin K and Calcium
|
|
|
What is the generic word that means thickening of the artery?
|
Arteriosclerosis
|
|
|
What is the word that means there is a fatty build-up of plaque in the artery?
|
Atherosclerosis
|
|
|
What is the outermost layer of an artery?
|
Tunica adventicia
|
|
|
What are the 4 layers of an artery from the innermost to the outermost layers?
|
Endothelium, tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventicia
|
|
|
What are some of the causes of endothelial damage to arteries?
|
Smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, toxins, infectious agents, ROS
|
|
|
When cells are injured what chemicals do they release?
|
Cytokines, TNF-Alpha, Il-1, growth factors
|
|
|
What do the chemotactic factors cause to happen when they are released after cells are injured?
|
Macrophages migrate to the area and release ROS
|
