Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
3 types of HCP |
Non-communicating Communicating Ex Vacuo with compensatory increase |
|
|
What is the Monro Kellie doctrine? |
Any increase in volume of one of cranial constituents must be compensated by a decrease in volume of another * CNS, blood, ECF Cerebral perfusion pressure = MAP-ICP |
|
|
Type of herniation Unilateral/asymmentric expansion of a cerebral hemisphere displaces the cingulate gyrus under the falx cerebri |
Subfalcine/cingulate |
|
|
2 mechanisms of HCP |
Impaired flow Impaired resorption |
|
|
Cingulate herniation compresses which artery? |
ACA |
|
|
Transtentorial compresses against which structures? |
Uncus CN III Posterior cerebral artery |
|
|
Contralateral cerebral peduncle compression results in ipsilateral hemiparesis What condition? |
Kernohan's notch |
|
|
Hemorrhagic lesions in midbrain and pons |
Duret hemorrhages |
|
|
Tonsillar herniation is life-threatening because it compresses which structures |
Brainstem Medulla oblongata |
|
|
Diverticulum of malformed CNS tissue extending through a defect in the cranium |
Encephalocoele |
|
|
Failure of closure of posterior neuropore |
Spina dysraphism |
|
|
Asymptomatic bony defect |
Spina bifida occulta |
|
|
Extension of CNS tissue through a defect in the vertebral colum |
Myelomeningocoele Meningocoele |
|
|
Flattened remnant of disorganized brain tissue |
Area cerebrovasculosa |
|
|
Hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis Cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle Non-communication HCP |
Dandy-Walker malformation |
|
|
Downward extension of the cerebellar vermis through the foramen magnum Hydrocephalus Posterior fossa anomalies |
Arnold-Chiari II |
|
|
Posterior fossa anomaly Clinically silent Low-lying cerebellar tonsils extending down to the vertebral canal |
Arnold Chiari I |
|
|
Formation of a fluid filled cleftlike cavity in the inner portion of the cord |
Syringomyelia *associated with Chiari I |
|
|
Nonprogressive neurologic motor deficit Presents with spasticity, dystonia, ataxia, paresis |
Cerebral palsy |
|
|
Grading of intraventricular hemorrhage |
1 germinal matrix 2 inside ventricles 3 ventricular enlargement 4 intraparenchymal |
|
|
Thinning out of gyri due to cortical ischemia |
Ulegryia |
|
|
Supratentorial periventricular white matter Chalky white plaques, white matter infarct |
Periventricular leukomalacia |
|
|
Pericapillary edema with subsequent extravasation What parenchymal injury? |
Contusion |
|
|
Depressed, retracted yellowish brown patches involving crests of gyri |
Plaque jaune |
|
|
3 features of epidural hematoma |
Arterial bleed between bone and dura Pterion fracture Middle meningeal artery Lenticular Lucid interval |
|
|
3 features of subdural hematoma |
Venous bleed between dura and subarachnoid Bridging veins Crescent Delayed presentation with fluctuating sensorium |
|
|
Red neuron Reactive gliosis Liquefactive necrosis What condition? |
White infarcts Focal cerebral ischemia |
|
|
Development of small cavitary infarcts which resemble lake-like spaces Occurs where? |
Lacunar infarcts Lenticular nucleus, thalamus, internal capsule |
|
|
Characterized by diffuse cerebral dysfunction including headaches, confusion, vomiting |
Hypertensive encephalopathy |
|
|
Preferential involvement of large areas of subcortical white matter with myelin and axon loss Complication of hypertensive CVD |
Binswanger syndrome |
|
|
MCC of intraparenchymal hemorrhage |
Hypertension |
|
|
2nd MCC of intraparenchymal hemorrhage |
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy |
|
|
Minute aneuryms in the basal ganglia |
Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms |
|
|
Sites of occurence of HTN hemorrhage |
Putamen Thalamus Pons |
|
|
MC type of intracranial aneurysm |
Saccular aneurysm |
|
|
Predilection site of H influenzae Pneumococcus |
Basal Sagittal |
|
|
4 predisposing conditions for acute meningitis |
Acute bacterial endocarditis Congenital heart disease Chronic pulmonary sepsis Immunosuppresion |
|
|
3 manifestations of neurosyphilis |
Meningovascular Paretic Tabes dorsalis |
|
|
Non-reactive pupils capable of accomodation seen in tabes dorsalis |
Argyll-Robertson |
|
|
3 manifestations of tabes dorsalis |
Charcot joints Lightning pains Impaired proprioception Locomotor ataxia Argyll-Robertson pupil |
|
|
Predilection sites for herpes encephalitis |
Temporal lobes Orbita gyri |
|
|
Predilection site for CMV encephalitis |
Paraventricular subependymal region |
|
|
Cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusioms Seen in rabies encephalitis |
Negri bodies |
|
|
CT scan of toxoplasmosis |
Ring enchancing lesions |
|
|
DOC for Toxoplasmosis |
Pyrimethamine sulfadiazine Prophylaxis - TMP-SMX, give folic acid |
|
|
Most common demyelinating disease with temporospatial heterogeniety |
Multiple sclerosis |
|
|
Pathophysiology of MS |
T-cell destruction of myeline sheaths and oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Descibe the multiphasic sclerotic plaques seen in MS |
Active - ongoing myelin breakdown Inactive - astrocytic proliferation Shadow - remyelination |
|
|
Most frequent presentation of MS |
Unilateral visual impairement (CN II) Optic neuritis |
|
|
CSF of MS |
Pleocytosis Increased IgG Oligoclonal band |
|
|
Most common cause of dementia |
Alzheimer's |
|
|
Why early onset of Alzheimer in Down Syndrome? |
Increased production of A-beta amyloid |
|
|
Match area of production to hormone ? Acetylcholine NE Serotonin Dopamine |
Nucleus basalis Locus ceruleus Median raphe Substancia nigra |
|
|
Collection of dystrophic neurites composed of A-beta amyloid |
Senile plaques |
|
|
Flame-shaped bundles of neurofilaments composed of tau proteins |
Neurofibrillary tangles |
|
|
Elongated glassy consisting of paracrystalline array of beaded actin filaments |
Hirano bodies |
|
|
3 PE findings of Parkinson disease |
Bradykinesia Festinating gait Cogwheel rigidity Pill-rolling tremor |
|
|
Early onset behavioral changes with alterations in personality and language disturbances |
Pick disease |
|
|
Elongated inclusins composed of alpha-synuclein Seen in Parkinsons disease |
Lewy bodies |
|
|
CAG trinucleotide repeat on HD gene codes for what protein |
Huntingtin |
|
|
Morphologic finding of Huntington Disease in the brain |
Atrophy of the caudate nucleus |
|
|
PE of Huntingdon disease |
Progressive movement disorders Hemibalismus Chorea |
|
|
AD disorder showing loss of LMN in spinal cord and brainstem, loss of UMN that project in corticospinal tracts |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
|
|
Mutation in ALS |
SOD1 gene in chromosome 21 Encoding copper-zinc superoxide dismutase |
|
|
PAS-positive cytoplasmic inclusions seen in ALS |
Bunina bodies |
|
|
2 clinical manifestations of thiamine deficiency |
Wernicke Korsakoff |
|
|
Manifestations of Wernicke encephalopathy |
Reversible with B12 Psychotic symptoms Opthalmoplegia Ataxia Confusion |
|
|
Area of predilection for Wernicke encephalopathy |
Mamillary bodies 3rd and 4th ventricles |
|
|
Manifestations of Korsakoff encephalopathy |
Prolonged and irreversible Confabulation Hallucination Amnesia Dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus |
|
|
Epidemiology of primary brain tumors in adults |
Supratentorial Glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, ependymoma |
|
|
Epidemiology of primary brain tumors of children |
Infratentorial Cystic cerebellar astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, brainstem glioma |
|
|
Most common neuroglial tumors |
Astrocytoma Frontal lobe - adults Cerebellum - children |
|
|
Histology of glioblastoma multiforme |
Pseudo-palisading pattern of tumor cells |
|
|
Histology of pilocytic astrocytoma |
Bipolar cell Rosenthal fibers - dense fibrillary meshworks |
|
|
Histology of oligodendroglioma |
Perineuronal satellitosis - chicken wire pattern Cytoplasmic halos |
|
|
Histology of ependymoma |
Perivascular pseudorosettes |
|
|
Histology of medulloblastoma |
Homer Wright rosettes Desmoplasia |
|
|
Most common benign brain tumor in adults |
Meningioma Parasagittal location + Psammoma bodies |
|
|
Most common location of schwannoma |
Cerebellopontine angle |
|
|
2 types of schwanomma |
Antoni A - Verocay bodies Antoni B |
|
|
2 types of neurofibromaa |
Cutaneous Plexiform - assoc with type 1 |
|
|
Development of hamartomas and bening neoplasms in brain and other tissues Autosomal dominant |
Tuberous sclerosis |
|
|
Mutation in what gene seen in tuberous sclerosis |
TSC1 gene in chromosome 9 |
|
|
PE of tuberous sclerosis |
Shagreen patches Ash leaf patches |
|
|
Associated diseases of Von Hippel-Lindau disease |
Hemangioblastomas Pancreas/liver/kidney Renal cell CA |
