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178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Pathology
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the study of the essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them
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Define General Pathology
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broad and complex scientific field which seeks to understand the mechanisms of injury to cells and tissues, as well as the body's means of responding to and repairing injury
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Define Systemic Pathology
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study of pathology of organ systems; the study of how each organ system reacts to injury associated with specific diseases
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Define Necropsy
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an autopsy performed on an animal
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Define Biopsy
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the removal and examination of tissue, cells, or fluids from the living body
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Define Cytology
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The study of cells
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Define Surgical Pathology
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the pathology of disease processes that are surgically accessible for diagnosis or treatment.
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Define Clinical Pathology
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the study of disease by the use of laboratory tests and methods
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Characteristics of Melanin
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brown to black, usually intracellular;
formed enzymatically from the amino acid, tyrosine; melanin-forming cells (melanocytes) have their embryonic origin in the neural crest; once formed, melanin may be transferred into other cells from melanocytes. |
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Albinism is usually thought to be a deficiency of what?
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Tyrosinease
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Are there tyrosinase-positive forms of albinism
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Yes
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Albinism has been found to be what kind of trait
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Inherited
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Define Melanosis
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Excessive melanin accumulation within a tissue
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Define pseudomelanosis
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Post mortem reaction of microbial H2S with iron in tissues resulting in Iron sulfide pigmentation
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Are melanosis and pseudomelanosis biochemically related
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No
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Give an example of bile pigmentation
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A bruise
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Color of Bilirubin
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Yellow
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Color of Biliverdin
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Green
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What pigments are derived from the breakdown of heme
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Bile pigments
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Define hematoidin
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Microscopic descriptive term; Yellow-brown, waxy appearance; local, insoluble deposits of bile pigments
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Systemic pigmentation with Bile Pigments is
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Icterus
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Icterus is also known as
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Jaundice
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Define Icterus
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yellow discoloration of tissues due to excess systemic,circulating bile pigments.
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Causes of icterus
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Excessive erythrocyte destruction;
Impaired bile excretion; Combination of both |
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Iron is bound or unbound in normal biological systems?
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Bound
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What Iron storage protein has a hollow center and pores which allow passage of Iron
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Ferritin
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Ferritin agrigates over time and the precipitates are called what?
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hemosiderin
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What is the solubility of Ferritin?
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Water soluble
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What are possible destinations for Iron that comes from heme?
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Enzymes, Cytochromes, Myoglobin, Hemoglobin, Stored as Ferritin.
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How can you estimate body iron stores?
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Serum ferritin assay or amount of hemosiderin deposits in organ tissues
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Define Hemosiderin
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insoluble deposits of denatured ferritin
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the golden-brown pigmentation of tissues by iron-containing substances is called?
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Hemosiderosis
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Where might you find Hemosiderosis
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locally at the site of a previous hemorrhage or in the spleen as a side effect of erythrophagocytosis
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Macrophages containing hemosiderin from RBC degradation are called
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heart failure cells
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Finely granular, intracytoplasmic golden brown deposit known as the "wear and tear" or "aging pigment"
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Lipofuscin
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How is lipofuscin derived?
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Oxidative breakdown of membrane lipids
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What is the significance of lipofuscin?
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commonly seen in aged or chronically injured cells, and indicates prolonged increased rate of lipid turnover
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Lipofuscinosis in cattle clinical appearance?
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Olive colored heart
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Lipofuscinosis in dogs clinical appearance?
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"Brown dog gut syndrome"
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A subset of lipofuscin found in sheep, dogs, and goats indicating early onset CNS disorder
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ceroid
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Having dust in the lungs
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Pneumoconiosis
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Two types of Pneumoconiosis
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Anthracosis (Black lung) - Smokey environments
Silicosis - from dusty environments, and can be injurious or scaring. |
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What are some exogenous pigments?
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Pneumoconiosis;
Tetracycline Antibiotics; Tattoo; Parasite derived pigments |
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How does tetracycline pigment tissues
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colocalization with calcium during bone formation (Teeth)
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What causes fading of tattoos over time
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phagocytosis of pigment by macrophages
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Where might you find accumulation of tattoo pigment
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regional draining lymph nodes
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What would cause a dark black pigment in the lung of primates
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Pneumonysis simicola
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What causes black pigmentation of liver tissue
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Fluke pigment (Fluke exhaust)
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Histologic signs of reversible cell injury
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Cellular swelling;
Cytoplasmic vacuolation |
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What processes can lead to cellular lipid accumulation?
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Excessive entry of FFA's;
Excessive production of Triglycerides; Decreased production of Lipid Acceptor Proteins |
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What causes excessive entry of FFA's?
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Caloric restriction with mobilization of fat
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What causes excessive production of triglycerides?
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Excess production of alpha-glycerophosphate (commonly caused by chronic visitation of Northgate by veterinary students)
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What causes production of lipid acceptor protein?
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protein malnutrition;
damage to rough ER (CCl4 intoxication) |
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What cytoplasmic changes can be attributed to irreversible cellular injury?
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increased eosinophilia;
severe vacuolation; loss of granularity |
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What nuclear changes can be attributed to irreversible cellular injury?
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Pyknosis;
Karyorrhexis; Karyolysis |
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Non-physiologic cell death within a living tissue is called?
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Necrosis
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Types of necrosis
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Coagulative Necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis Caseous necrosis Enzymatic Fat necrosis |
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What cellular processes are common in all cell death?
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Pyknosis;
Karyorrhexis; Karyolysis; Hyalinization |
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Coagulative necrosis is characterized by what?
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Preservation of tissue architecture;
Loss of cellular detail; Cell outlines are still visible; Example: Hypoxic liver injury |
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Liquefactive necrosis is characterized by what?
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Enzymatic destruction of dead tissues;
No internal cellular detail; Pus; Example: CNS likes to do this |
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Caseous necrosis is characterized by what?
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Tissue architecture is lost;
tissue takes the gross appearance of dry cottage cheese; Example: Tubercle |
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Enzymatic Fat necrosis is characterized by what?
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Self perpetuating destruction of adipose tissues by lipolytic enzymes;
Example: Soaponification of peripancreatic fat in pancreatitis |
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Describe a Tubercle
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Caseous necrosis at center;
Chronic inflammatory cells around edges; chalky calcium salt deposition within the necrotic center |
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Coagulative necrosis coupled with leathery, dead, dry tissue is known as what?
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Gangrene
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What three types of gangrene are there?
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Gas - gas producing bacteria
Dry - leathery dry dead tissue Wet - tissue occupied by saprophytic bacteria |
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Programmed cell death
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Apoptosis
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What electrophoretic characteristic is indicative of Apoptosis?
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DNA laddering
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What processes may interfere with cellular energy metabolism?
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Hypoxia,
disruption of electron transport, lack of an energy source |
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What processes may cause damage to cellular membranes?
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Enzymatic destruction,
physical trauma, free radicals |
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A very reactive atom or group of atoms with unpaired electrons is known as?
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A free radical
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What are some biologically important free radicals?
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Hydroxyl,
Superoxide, Singlet oxygen |
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Partal reduction of O2 gives you
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Superoxide,
Hydroxyl ion |
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Lysis of water gives you
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OH* + H*
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How does lysis of water occur?
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by ionization with radiation (radiolysis),
by reaction with metals (Cu++, Fe++) |
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Cellular oxidase systems can produce free radicals as well. What are 3 enzymatic reactions that do this?
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CYP 450(Mixed fxn oxidase system),
Xanthine Oxidase, NADPH Oxidase |
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Vitamin E and Sulfhydryl compounds are
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Antioxidents
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Where does vitamin E work?
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Mainly within lipids
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What is the role of Se in minimizing free radical damage?
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Selenium is not exactly an antioxidant, but is is a cofactor of glutathion peroxidase which is. Therfor it acts as an antioxidant.
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How does superoxide dismutase act on free radicals?
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O2- + O2- + 2H+ ---> H2O2 + O2
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Define mineralization
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deposition of calcium salts in tissue
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what is the difference between mineralization and calcification?
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they are synonyms
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what normal cellular process is associated with mineralization?
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cellular death
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what are the two major categories of mineralization
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Dystrophic and metastatic
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Define dystrophic mineralization
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Calcification due to a local damage or injury
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Define metastatic mineralization
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widespread mineralization throughout a tissue
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This process occurs when a tissue is improperly nourished or injured
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Dystrophic Calcification
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What are some examples of dystrophic mineralization?
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White muscle DZ;
Calcium phosphate deposits related to lesions of tuberculosis. |
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What disease process is caused by inadequate dietary vitamin E and/or Se
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White Muscle DZ
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A deposition of calcium salts in an apprently normal tissue is called?
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Metastatic calcification
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What would cause an inapropriate deposition of calcium salts in tissues?
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disturbences in systemic calcium homeostasis causing conditions of hypercalcemia
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What tissues typically accumulate calcium salts in metastatic calcification.
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Gastric mucosa
Arterial walls Intercostal "Pleural frosting" Kidney |
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Name three diseases associated with metastatic calcification
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Primary hyperparathyroidism,
Vit D intoxication, Cancer involving bones |
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Metastatic mineralization as a complication of cancer and causing hypercalcemia may be known as
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Paraneoplastic syndrome
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What is an amorphous eosinophilic extracellular deposit?
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amyloid
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Amyloid means
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Starch-like
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What is the gross appearance of Amyloid
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a waxy, homogenous tissue deposit
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dispite its appearance, Amyloid is actually a ______
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Protein
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What are some results of amyloid deposition?
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Organ dysfunction,
disruption of tissue structure and function |
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Define Amyloidosis
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The condition of having amyloid deposits in tissues. (never the diagnosis on House :P )
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Renal amyloidosis results in
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protein loss in the urine.
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Structure of amyloid
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Protein fibrils;
beta-pleated sheet |
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All amyoids stain with
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Congo Red - and show a green birefringence in polarized light.
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Primary amyloidosis is also known as
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Immunocitic
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Secondary amyloidosis is also known as
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Reactive
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This type of amyloidosis is associated with prolonged inflammatory disease
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Secondary
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This type of amyloidosis is associated with prolonged excess production of Ig light chains
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Primary
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Serum Amyloid A is associated with
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Secondary amyloidosis
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Inflammation only occurs in
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Living vascular tissue
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The inflammatory process serves to
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Dilute the offending agent
Destroy the Agent Wall off the agent |
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What precursor of fibrin is the basis of a blood clot
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fibrinogen
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Albumin is produced by
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Liver
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What are two forces that move water into tissues?
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Intravascular hydrostatic pressure;
Interstitial osmotic pressure |
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What are two forces that move water out of tissues?
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Tissue hydrostatic pressure;
blood plasma osmotic pressure |
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Antibodies and C3b are examples of?
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opsonins
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What two major events occur within the phagolysosome?
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Microbial killing;
degradation of ingested particle |
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Respiratory burst and hydrogen peroxide based killing are?
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Oxygen dependent mechanisms of microbial killing
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Lysozyme, neutrophil cationic proteins, and lactoferrin are?
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Oxygen independent mechanisms of microbial killing
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This exudate is the result of fluid from blood vessels into the tissue, and is composed of very little protein.
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Serous
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This exudate is protein rich and has clumps of fibrinogen. Associated with severe inflammation.
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Fibrinous
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This exudate is composed mostly of neutrophils and necrotic debris, and may also be known as purulent exudate.
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Suppurative
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Exudates composed of dead cells and cellular debris may be described as
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Necrotic exudate
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Exudate composed of fibrin and dead cells and debris may be described as
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Fibrinonecrotic Exudate
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Histamine and seratonin are
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vasoactive amines
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What are some stimuli for release of vasoactive amines
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antigen binding to mast cell or basophil;
Direct trauma; platelet aggregation and activation |
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Complement proteins that generation mediators of inflammation
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C3a, C5a
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Complement protein that provides an opsonin
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C3b
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Complement proteins that perforate foreign membranes
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Membrane attack complex
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Two pathways for complement activation
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Classical pathway;
Alternate pathway |
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2 pathways of clotting cascade
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Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
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The clotting cascade leads to what 4 general processes
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Formation of fibrin from fibrinogen;
Generation of fibrinopeptides; Activation of plasminogen; Triggers creation of kinins (Especially Bradykinin) |
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Effects of bradykinin
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Vasodialation;
Pain; Increased microvascular permeability; Contraction of non-vascular smooth muscle |
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This is an essential amino acid that is acquired from red meat in the diet and enzymatic desaturation of lineoleic acid
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Arachidonic Acid
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What is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of eicosanoids(AA metabolites)?
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Supply of arachidonic acid
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What enzyme frees arachidonic acid from its associated phospholipid?
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Phospholipase A2
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Phospholipase A2 is activated by
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cell injury;
G-protein reaction; Calcium |
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This converts arachidonic acid to en endoperoxide
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Cyclo-oxygenase
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Cyclo-oxygenase is irreversibly inactivated by
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Aspirin
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Platelet activating factor is made by
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Endothelial cells;
Mast cells; Macrophages; Basophils |
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Cytokines synthesized by
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Monocytes;
Macrophages; Lymphocytes |
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IL-1 and TNFa are examples of
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Cytokines
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What are the three general phases of wound healing?
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Initiation;
Directed Activity; Termination |
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Two categories of tissue repair
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Parenchymal Regeneration;
Connective tissue replacement |
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A characteristic of healing by scar tissue replacement is the formation of
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Granulation tissue
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4 zones of granulation tissue
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Necrotic debris layer;
capillary sprouts and arches; zone of capillary proliferation; Mature CT zone |
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Good thing about wound contraction
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Shortened time of healing
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Bad thing about wound contraction
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Stricture
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3 major cell types in granulation tissue
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Macrophages;
Fibroblasts; Endothelial Cells |
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What do macrophages do in granulation tissue
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Removal of debris
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What do fibroblasts do in granulation tissue
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Synthesize collagen and aid in wound contraction (Myofibroblast)
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What do Endothelial cells do in granulation tissue
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Assist in growth of capillary buds and other outgrowths of existing vasculature;
Leak proteins and bathe area with growth medium and fresh cells |
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Healing of surgical skin wounds is healing by
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First intention
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Wounds heal in this manner
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Side to side
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healing by granulation tissue is known as healing by
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Second intention
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healing of wounds by second intention is usually the result of
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extensive loss of tissue
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Exuberant granulation is known as
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proud flesh
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Chemical inhibitors that signal for stoppage of repair to tissues are
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Chalones
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If Chalones signals do not get properly expressed results in
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exuberant granulation
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CNS repair results in
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very little return to function
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PNS repair results in
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attempted regrowth of injured nerve, with some successful return of function, but depends greatly on the nature of the injury
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Physiologic hyperemia is caused by
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Increased demand for blood flow
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Pathologic hyperemia is
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Not attainable, but may be attempted through anaphylaxis
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Define Edema
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Increased volume of fluid in the interstitial fluid compartment
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5 general mechanisms of Edema formation
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Increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure;
Decreased intravascular oncotic pressure; Lymphatic Obstruction; Increased interstitial osmotic pressure; increased vascular permeability |
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Two locations where edema is immediately life threatening
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CNS;
Lung |
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5 mechanisms for loss of blood outside of the vasculature
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Trauma;
Toxic endothelial injury; Viral endothelial injury; Chronic passive hyperemia; Inflammation |
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Dark red, pinpoint to 1mm foci are
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Petechial hemorrhage
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Broad, irregular, dark red regions are
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Ecchymotic Hemorrhage
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Widespread petechia and ecchymosis is called
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Purpura
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Movement of RBCs across an intact vessel wall is called
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Hemorrhage by diapedesis
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Hemosiderine inside macrophages is known commonly as
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heart-failure cells
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2 means of activating clotting
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Exposure to an abnormal surface (Intrinsic pathway);
Factors released from damaged tissue (Extrinsic pathway) |
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Both pathways of clotting rely on what to terminate the process?
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The common pathway
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What makes up Virchow's Triad
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Abnormal endothelial surface;
Abnormal blood flow; Hypercoagulability |
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4 potential outcomes for a thrombus
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Fibrinolysis and resolution;
Propagation and enlargement; Organization and re-channelization by endothelial cells; Embolism |
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Define Embolism
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Act of placing abnormal particulate matter into circulation
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Define infarction
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the act of creating an area of ischemic necrosis in an organ by occluding its arterial supply
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The area of ischemic necrosis created by infarction is called an
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infarct
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Coagulation cascade is triggered with widespread fibrin clot formation, consuming essential clotting proteins, and causing eventual failure of blood coagulation
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DIC - Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
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