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351 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Gross Pathology
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visible to the naked eye
ex: necropsy |
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What is the normal PCV for a dog?
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37-55%
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What is the normal PCV for a cat?
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25-45%
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What are the 3 main areas of Quality Control in labs?
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1.the equipment
2.the RVT 3.consistency |
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Define accuracy
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close to the correct value
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Define precision
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values analyzed are close together
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Define reliability
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ability of a method to be both accurate and precise
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What are the 3 systems of the blood?
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1.Transport
2.Regulatory 3.Defense |
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What does the blood transport?
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-O2 by Hg
-nutrients + by plasma -waste (CO2) to lungs & kidneys -hormones -WBC -platelets |
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What does the blood regulate?
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-body temp
-fluid balance -blood pH (7.35-7.45)-buffer |
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How is the blood a defense system?
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-WBC phagocytize invaders
-platelets= clotting |
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What are the 3 stages of hematopoeisis and where do they occur?
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1.mesoblastic-yolk sac
2.hepatic-liver 3.medullary-bone marrow |
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What is the order from greatest to smallest in numbers of WBC?
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Neutrophils-60-77%
Lymphocytes-12-30% Monocytes-3-10% Eosinophils-2-10% Basophils-rare |
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RBC are called...
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erythrocytes
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WBC are called...
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leukocytes
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What is the primary function of RBCs?
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contain Hg which binds to 02, carrying 02 from lungs to cells
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What is the secondary function of RBCs?
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acid-base buffer
carries C02 to lungs to be exhaled |
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How many 02 molecules can each Hg bind to?
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4
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How long is the lifespan of an RBC?
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100 days
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What is primarily responsible for taking old RBCs out of circulation?
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spleen
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What parts of the RBC can be recycled and into what?
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Iron-into new heme
Globins-building, energy, excreted Bilirubun-to the liver to make bile and aid in fat digestion |
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Can RBCs make new proteins or energy? Why or why not?
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no
no nucleus or mitochondria |
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How is the energy used (from plasma) in RBCs?
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-membrane function and integrity
-proper ion balance -energy to assist other cell functions to protect Hg for 02 transport |
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What happens if Hg binds to something other than 02?
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it will be limited in amount of 02 it can carry
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What is glucathione?
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-from liver
-lives in RBC -neutralizes oxidants, so Hg is spared |
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What happens if Hg gets denatured because a glucathione could not come to its rescue?
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the Hg can never carry 02 again
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What is Methemoglobin reductase?
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allows Hg to stay in reduced state where it can bind to 02
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What are band cells?
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immature cells
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What are some other types of immature RBCs?
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-reticulocytes
-basophilic erythrocytes -polycromatophils |
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What is erythropoeitin?
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-from kidney
-potent stimulator of RBC production |
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How many days are required for production of a RBC after erythropoeitin stimulates a stem cell?
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5 days
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For how many days will reticulocytes remain in bone marrow before they are released?
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2-3 days
depends on body's demand for RBCs |
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What organ senses hypoxia?
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kidney
will make erythropoeitin |
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What causes hypoxia?
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-low BVol
-anemia -low Hg concentration -poor blood flow -pulmonary disease -altered/defective Hg |
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What hormone can inhibit erythropoeisis?
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estrogen
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What hormone can stimulate erythropoesis?
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androgens
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What 2 cells does the pluripotent stem cell directly create?
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lymphoid stem cell
myleoid stem cell |
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What does a lymphoid stem cell create?
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T and B lymphocyte
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What does a myeloid stem cell create?
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all WBCs except lymphocytes
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Which WBC are granulocytes?
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Eosinophils
Basophils Neutrophils |
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Which WBC are agranulocytes?
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Monocytes
Lymphocytes |
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Which WBC can phagocytize invaders?
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All except Lymphocytes (used in immunity)
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What is a Left Shift?
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Increased number of band neutrophils
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What is a Howell-Jolly body?
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nuclear remnant in an RBC
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What can cause basophilic stripling?
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lead poisoning
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What can cause spherocytes?
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anemia
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How can you ensure Heinz bodies are present?
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restain with methylene blue
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What is the maturation series of a RBC?
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Rubriblast
Prorubricyte Basophilic rubricyte Polychromatophilic rubricyte Metarubricyte Reticulocyte |
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What information is provided in a CBC?
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Packed Cell Volume (PCV)/HCT
Plasma Protein concentration Total WBC count |
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What is evaluated when doing a differential (Blood film)?
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RBC morphology
WBC morphology WBC differential count Estimate of platelet numbers presence of parasites |
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What additional information can be found for a CBC?
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Hb concentration
MCV Platelet count RBC count |
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What is the average number of platelets?
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200k-500k
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What is the average number of RBCs?
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5.5 million- 8.5 million
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What is serum?
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plasma minus the clotting factors
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What is the normal plasma protein value?
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5.5-7.5
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If the PCV, Hb, and RBC count is normal, then...
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the animal is not anemic
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If the PCV or RBC count is above normal, then...
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the animal is polycythemic
(usually dehydration) |
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If the PCV, Hb, or RBC is below normal, then...
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the animal is anemic
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What is regenerative anemia?
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bone marrow is producing reticulocytes to compensate for the loss/destruction of RBCs
-macrocytic and hypochromic -Left shift -blood loss, hemorrhage, hemolytic problems |
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What is non-regenarative anemia?
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body is not producing reticulocytes to compensate for anemia: serious
-maturation defect in RBC line, bone marrow is taken over by other cell (cancer) |
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Define Normocytic
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RBCs are of normal size
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Define Macrocytic
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RBCs are bigger than normal
-regenerative anemia: many reticulocytes (larger) |
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Define Microcytic
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RBCs are smaller than normal
-iron deficiency |
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Define Normochromic
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RBCs are normal color
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Define Hyperchromic
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RBCs are too colored
-spherocytosis |
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Define Hypochromic
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RBCs have too little color
-less than normal concentration of Hb -regenarative anemia |
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When evaluating a blood smear, what is important to check for with RBCs?
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general appearance
agglutination rouleaux color of cells size of cells in relation to others color of cells in relation to others shape of cells presence of parasites |
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What is anisocytosis?
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cells not of same size
-regenerative anemia: reticulocytes |
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What is Poikilocytosis?
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abnormally shaped RBCs
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What is MCV?
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Mean Corpuscular Volume
-volume of RBC |
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What is MCH?
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
-how much Hb in RBC |
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What is MCHC?
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
-ratio of weight of Hb to the volume of Hb in RBC |
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What 3 cell lines do we look for in a CBC?
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RBC
WBC Platelets |
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What is included in the RBC portion of the CBC?
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Total RBC count
PCV/TP RBC indices |
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What is included in an Erythrocyte (RBC) indices?
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MCH
MCV MCHC |
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What is included in the WBC portion of a CBC?
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unopette system used
differential count -% of each type |
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What are the 3 ways to classify anemia?
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1.bone marrow response
2.RBC size 3.RBC color |
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How long does it take for new RBCs to respond to an anemic crisis?
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5 days
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Do horses release reticulocytes into circulation?
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no
not even in response to anemia |
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Describe acanthocytes
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multiple IRREGULAR projections extend from cell membrane
-liver disease, neoplasia |
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Describe echinocytes
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multiple EVEN projections extend from cell membrane
aka Crenation -processing artifact |
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Describe schistocytes
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fragmented/pieces of RBCs
-hearworn, liver/spleen disease |
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Describe speherocytes
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rounder, smaller, darker
no central pallor -immune hymolytic anemia, blood transfusion |
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Describe Burr cells
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oval/elongated with multiple, short projections
-renal disease |
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Describe nucleated RBCs
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look like small lymphocytes
rare |
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Describe basophilic stippling
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blue dots in RBC
retained RNA -regen anemia |
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Describe Howell-Jolley bodies
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remnants of nucleus in RBC
nipple-like -regen response |
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Describe agglutination
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clumps of RBCs
-immune mediated conditions |
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Describe rouleaux
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stack of coins RBCs
-inflammation |
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What are some artifacts seen with blood smears?
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Stain Precipitate
Refractile Artifact Psuedoinclusions |
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Describe stain precipitate
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purple, blue, black dots/clumps in/onaround RBCs
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Describe refractile artifact
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empty or clear spaces
improper stain uptake |
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Describe psuedoinclusions
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blood components superimposed on eachother
-platelet on an RBC |
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What is Wrights Stain/Romanowsky/ Diff Quik used for?
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general purpose
blood smears and cytologies |
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What is Methylene Blue used for?
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help identify reticulocytes and Heinz bodies
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What are some common attributes of K9 RBCs?
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noticeable central pallor
RBCs are among largest of domestic animals |
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What are some commone attributes of cat RBCs?
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smaller than dogs
little central pallor two types of reticulocytes -punctate and aggregate Heinz bodies more common |
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Describe punctate reticulocytes
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few clumps of RNA
not counted as reticulocytes |
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Describe aggregate reticulocytes
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larger, more numerous clumps of RNA
ARE counted as reticulocytes |
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Where are granulocytes produced?
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bone marrow
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What do the granulocytes have in common?
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Non-Specific Immunity
"The Phagocytes" 1st line of Defense |
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When are eosinophils increased?
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allergic rxns
inflammation (histamines in cytoplasm) |
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Describe some characteristics of basophils
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granules stain blue/purple
rare blue-loving no confirmed function not truly phagocytic release histamines for allergic rxns |
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What do agranulocytes have in common?
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Specific Immunity
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Which has more lymphocytes- cats or dogs?
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cats
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What are monocytes also known as? And what does this mean?
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Monocyte Macrophage Continuum
-monocytes are in peripheral blood -turn to macrophages in tissues |
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What are the 5 distinct granulor precursor cells in the bone marrow?
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1.myeloblast
2.promyelocyte 3.myelocyte 4.metamyelocyte 5.Band |
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Which granulor precursor cells are in the mitotic pool?
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myeloblast
promyelocyte myelocyte |
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Which granulor precursor cells are in the maturing pool?
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myelocyte
band |
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How long does it take for a myeloblast to enter the freely circulating pool?
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7 days
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Describe leukocytosis
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a certain WBC is elevated
-stress, excitement, infection, inflammation |
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Describe leukopenia
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decreased number of total WBC are present
-viral infections, no reserves |
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What is the mitotic pool?
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where neutrophils divide and begin to mature
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What is the maturing pool?
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where the neutrophils no longer divide, but continue to mature
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What is the marginal pool?
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neutrophils adhere to sides of vessels- can detach and enter circulation
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What is the freely circulating pool?
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neutrophils are in general circulation
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What is Neutro/Eosino/basophilaa and lympho/monocytosis?
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increased number in circulation
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What is -penia?
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decreased number in circulation
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What happens with a regenerative left shift?
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total WBC is elevated
mature neutrophils outnumber bands |
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What happens in s degenerative left shift?
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total WBC count is normal or decreased
mature neutrophils and bands present -body is losing |
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When does leukocytosis occur?
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inc. blood flow: marginal pool enters freely circulating pool
-response to corticosteroids, stress |
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What is the normal TP for a dog?
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5.4-7.5 dL/mL
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What is the normal TP for a cat?
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5.6-7.6 dL/mL
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What can we learn from a PCV?
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RBC
Quantitate Buffy Coat -rough estimate of WBC count -heartworm microfilaria TP -dehydration -protein loss hemolyzed, icteric, lipemic |
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What is a differential?
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% of different cell types on a smear
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What is an inflammatory leukogram?
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body is fighting infection
demand for neutrophils |
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What do toxic neutrophils indicate?
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severe infection
inflammation drug toxicity -dohle bodies, cytoplasm basophilia, foamy cytoplasm (vacuoles) |
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What are heterophils?
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neutrophil equivalent in birds, rabbits, reptiles...
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What are mast cells?
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mediate allergic response
set off anaphylactic rxns |
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Describe neutrophils
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segmented dark nucleus: 3-5 lobes
pale cytoplasm most common WBC (except ruminants) lysosomes in cytoplasm make cell most phagocytic pus= dead neutrophils |
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Describe Eosinophils
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larger than neutrophils
stain pinky/orange cytoplasm k9 granules: irregular/round fel granules: rod shaped lobed nucleus anti-inflammatory, allergic rxns pink loving |
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Describe lymphocytes
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small and large
2nd most common WBC (except ruminants 1st) round dark nucleus small amt of light cytoplasm irregular and round borders produce antibodies |
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Describe monocytes
|
largest of all WBC
low amt oval.kidney bean nucleus blue/grey cytoplasm +/- vacuoles (lacey cytoplasm) recognizes self vs. non self |
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What is heartworm called?
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dirofilaria immitis
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What is dirofilaria immitis?
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nematode (roundworm)
lives in R ventricle and pulmonary arteries of the definitive host |
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What is heartworm disease?
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parasitic infection of the pulmonary arteries causing respiratory, cardiac, and renal disease
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Who is the intermediate host in heartworm and what stages of larva can be found there?
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mosquito
2nd and 3rd larva stage |
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What is the primary problem brought about by heartworm?
|
pulmonary hypertension which results from high pressure blood flow from R ventricle or impedance to blood thru lungs or L side of heart
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What is Cor pulmonale?
|
R ventricle heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of blood vessels of the lung
-often due to heartworm disease |
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What determines the severity of heartworm?
|
number of worms
how long they've been there how the host is responding |
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Describe the lifecycle of dirofilaria immitis
|
1. Adult females release L1 (microfilaria) into circulation
2. Mosquito becomes infected with L1 which develop into L3 3. L3 are injected into dog by mosquito |
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How long is the prepatent period of heartworm?
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6-7 months
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What are the classes of clinical signs of heartworm?
|
Class 1: no abnormalities- occasional cough
Class 2: cough, exercise intolerance, weight loss, pulmonary changes on chest films, PCV 20-25% Class 3: cahexia, exercise intolerance, syncope, tachycardia, ascites, R side heart failure, hepatomegaly, pulmonary and cardiac changes on xrays, PCV <20% |
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What is hemoptysis?
|
in heartworm disease
severe thromboembolic problems coughing up blood, foam, air |
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What is vena cava syndrom?
|
VC obstructed by adult worms
acute hemolytic crisis and shock |
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What is d. reconditum?
|
non-pathogenic nematode that lives in SQ
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How can we diagnose heartworm with a CBC?
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anemia
blood smear leukocytosis throbocytopenia |
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How can we diagnose heartworm with a serum chemistry and UA?
|
hyperglobinemia
proteinuria hemoglobinuria |
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What do heartworm antigen tests identify?
|
adult female difolaria immitis antigen
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What are the test procedures for microfilaria?
|
direct smear
thin or thick blood smear buffy coat method modified knott technique filter tests |
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How can we treat heartworm?
|
Immitides: adulticides first
ivermectin second heartworm prevention last (Heartgard) |
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What is occult heartworm disease?
|
L5 does not release microfilaria (L1)
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What are some ways to diagnose and treat heartworm in cats?
|
xrays
antibody titers prevention |
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Compare the body shape of the two heartworms
|
Dr: usually curved
Di: usually straight |
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Compare the cranial end of the two heartworms
|
Dr: blunt
Di: tapered |
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Compare the caudal end of the two heartworms
|
Dr: curved, button hook
Di: straight |
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What are some things that can be confused for parasites?
|
stain precipitate
refractile/drying artifact/water basophilic stipling H-JB's Pappenheimer bodies pseudoinclusions |
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What is hemobartonella felis?
|
common parasite of older and/or male cats
|
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What are som characteristics of hemobartonella felis?
|
stains darkly with Wrights
rod shaped, coccoid, ring-like near periphery of cell |
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What is hemobartonella felis aka?
|
Feline infectious anemia
mycoplasm haemofelis |
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What can EDTA do the hemobartonella on a cell?
|
rinse it off
use blood in syringe directly to smear |
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What are some clinical signs of hemobartonella felis?
|
anemia
icterus enlarged spleen |
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What is hemobartonella canis?
|
rare parasite
in immunosuppressed or splenectomized dogs |
|
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What is anaplasma marginale?
|
blood parasite in cattle/ruminants
small darkly staining spherical body at RBC margin affects ~50% of RBC |
|
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What is Babesia?
|
blood parasite
vectors: ticks tear-shaped RBC inclusions in horses: equine piroplasm |
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What is eperythrozoon?
|
parasite in cattle/sheep/pigs
looks similar to hemobart |
|
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What is Cytauxzoon felis?
|
fatal tick protozoa
affects vascular system causes hemolytic anemia seen on RBC and WBC |
|
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What is erlichia?
|
Intracellular parasite of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils
affected animals usually anemic, neutropenic, thrombocytopenic in dogs and horses |
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What is a normal cat WBC count?
|
5k-19k
|
|
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What is a normal dog WBC count?
|
6k-17k
|
|
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What properties are we looking for in a UA?
|
Physical
Chemical Microscopic |
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What are some physical properties of a UA?
|
color
transparency odor (ketosis/diabetes) volume specific gravity |
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How do we find the chemical properties of a UA?
|
Multistix
|
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What are some microscopic properties of a UA?
|
cells
casts crystals |
|
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How much urine do we want to spin down and what do we want to look for?
|
10-12 mL
look for sediment below supernatant |
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Define uremic
|
urine waste product (urea) in blood
|
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Define diureisis
|
too much water, more urine
|
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Define oliguria
|
scant urine production
|
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Define anuria
|
no urine production
|
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Define pollakiurea
|
frequent urination, usually in small amounts
|
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Define stranguria, dysuria
|
painful urination
|
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When do we usually see polydypsia/polyuria?
|
renal disease
diabetes mellitus Cushings |
|
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What is the normal volume of urine produced?
|
2-4 mL/kg/hr
|
|
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What is the main purpose of a UA?
|
monitor renal function
|
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What is a UA often analyzed along with?
|
Chem
CBC |
|
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What is Specific Gravity?
|
concentration of urine
measure of solutes in urine |
|
|
What is the glomerular filtrate of specific gravity and what is it called?
|
1.008-1.012
isosthenuric |
|
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What are the normal specific gravities for cats and dogs/horses?
|
Cats: 1.060
Dogs/horses: 1.035 |
|
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What is normal specific gravity for a hydrated patient?
|
1.012- 1.020
|
|
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What is the specific gravity for an overly hydrated patient?
|
1.010 or less
|
|
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What is the Sp.Gr for a dehydrated patient?
|
>1.025
|
|
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What do you do if the Sp.Gr is >1.045
|
dilute with Distilled H20 and retry on the refractometer
|
|
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What are some blood chemistry values that correlate with urine?
|
BUN
creatinine phosphorus |
|
|
How long does it take urine elements to change after collection?
|
~15-30 minutes
|
|
|
What are some characteristics of looking at a stained urine sample under the microscope?
|
See cells better
Cannot call bacteria (may be from stain) |
|
|
When is a cysto the right collection technique?
|
bacteria culture
|
|
|
What type of cells line the bladder and the lower urethra?
|
bladder: transitional
lower ur: squamos |
|
|
What are some things that can cause problems with reagent strips?
|
Expired
Storage Prep of patient mix with urine Incorrect timing/application |
|
|
What are som causes of oliguria and anuria?
|
Acute and end-stage renal failure
Antifreeze poisoning |
|
|
What are the causes of acute renal failure?
|
2/3 due to toxins
75% of those from antifreeze Infections Metabolic problems |
|
|
What type of syringe/needle should be used for a cysto?
|
12cc
20/22 ga. 1-1.5' needle |
|
|
When is a cysto contraindicated?
|
Urinary blockage
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Infection |
|
|
What type of urinary catheters can be used for sample collection?
|
Red Rubber
Polypropylene |
|
|
What are the different types of urinary catheters?
|
Red Rubber (~72 hours)
Polypropylene (short term) Foley (won't leave bladder) TomCat (open/closed) JacksonCat |
|
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What is an atonic bladder?
|
without tone
can use manual expression |
|
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How can we collect urine samples?
|
Free flow/ clean catch
Cystocentesis Catheterization Manual expression |
|
|
What are the chemical properties of urine?
|
pH
Protein Glucose Ketones Bile pigments Blood |
|
|
What are we looking for in urine under the microscope?
|
WBCs
RBCs Epithelial cells Casts Crystals Other urine sediment cells |
|
|
What does pH measure?
|
concentration of Hydrogen ions
|
|
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What will happen to the pH of urine left out?
|
increase due to C02 loss
-false results |
|
|
What will determine pH (in part)? and how?
|
Diet
Herbivores: neutral- alkaline High Protein: acidic |
|
|
What can cause glucosuria?
|
Stress in cats
Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
What can develop if the urine is too alkaline?
|
Uroliths (crystals)
|
|
|
When is increase protein found in urine?
|
Iatrogenic trauma
Impedence to blood flow Inc blood flow Renal disease CHF Tumors Inflamm |
|
|
What are some tests for proteinuria?
|
Reagent Strips
Sulfosalicylic acid turbity (globulins and albumins) Prot/crea ratio |
|
|
What does the amount of glucose in the urine depend on?
|
BG levels
rates of glomerular filtration and tubular resorption |
|
|
What can cause some false positives for glucosuria?
|
Vit. C
Morphine Abx |
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Should we ever see ketones in urine?
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no
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What are the 3 types of ketones?
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Acetone
Acetoacidic acid Beta-Hydroxybutyric acid |
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When are increased ketone levels seen?
|
Diabetes Mellitus
Alterted Carb metabolism Peak lactation in dairy cows High fat diets Starvation |
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What are ketones?
|
fatty acids aren't utilized properly and turn into ketones
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What are the 2 bile pigments?
|
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen |
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Is it normal for dogs to have bilirubin in their urine?
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yes
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Is it normal for cats and horses to have bilirubin in their urine?
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no
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When is bilirubinuria increased?
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Hemolytic events and diseases
Liver problems Bile duct blockage/ GI tract obstruction |
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What are the 3 types of blood presence in urine?
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RBCs
Hemoglobin Myoglobin |
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When are RBCs present in urine?
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Iatrogenic
Renak trauma Traumatic cystos or caths |
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When is hemoglobin present in urine?
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When RBCs are lysed while in urine
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When is myoglobin present in urine?
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When muscle is damaged or broken down
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When do we see WBCs in urine?
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pyuria/leukocyturia
Active inflamm dz |
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Describe Squamos cells
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In outer organs
not see in cysto |
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Describe transitional cells
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In bladder, ureters
granular cytoplasm Inflamm |
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Describe renal cells
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From renal tubules
Renal tubular dz |
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What are the steps in preparing urine sediment for microscopic examination?
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1. 10mL into a labeled conical centrifuge tube
2. Spin @ 1000-2000rpm for 3-6 minutes 3. Pour off supernatant leaving 0.5-1 mL in tube 4. Resuspend sediment by flicking tube 5. Transfer two drops to both sides of slide with pipette and cover with cover slips 6. Add NMb to one drop 7. Subdue microscope light 8. Scan on 10x for casts 9. Scan on 40x for cells and bacteria 10. Scan the entire field 11. Record findings |
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What are the major functions of the kidney?
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Water balance
Electrolyte balance Toxin/waste elimination Acid-base balance Regulation of RBC production |
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How much blood to the kidneys get off the heart?
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>=20%
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In what type of urine does hemoglobinuria occur and what color is it?
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dilute, alkaline urine
transparent red |
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What is the cause of hemoglobinuria?
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secondary to hemolysis
disease in the vascular system |
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When does hematuria occur and what color is it?
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disease in the urogenital tract
cloudy red |
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What are ghost cells and in what type of urine do they occur?
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shells of lysed RBCs
Alkaline urine |
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What is occult blood?
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hidden to naked eye
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When will you see WBC in urine?
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with bacteria
they are granular due to inflamm/infection |
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What are some characteristics of RBCs in urine?
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Varying appearance
Smaller than WBCs Refractile, mild color >5 per field |
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What are RBCs like in concentrated urine?
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shrinken
crenated |
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What are some characteristics of squamos cells?
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large
irregular occur in lower urinary tract |
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What are some characteristics of renal tubular cells?
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Large nucleus
round smaller |
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Where are casts formed?
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renal tubules
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What type of urine are hyaline casts found in?
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acidic
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What might you see in a normal urine sample?
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Transitional cells
Squamos cells Occasional WBC Yeast Sperm Hyaline and granular casts Amorphous phosphate/urate |
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What are some urine parasites?
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Capillaria plica
Kidney worm (Dioctophyma) Difilaria immitus/microfilaria |
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How can you troubleshoot a UA?
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Labeling/handling
Evaluating quickly (or put in fridge) Reagent strip quality |
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What should the microscope be like when looking at urine sediment?
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Low light
Iris diaphragm closed |
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What are uroliths?
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Large stones
found in dogs |
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What species have cloudy urine?
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rabbits
horses |
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What type of dog has uric acid crystals?
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dalmation
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Which species have normal calcium carbonate in their urine?
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rabbits
horses |
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Which crystals are found in acidic urine?
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Leucine
Tyrosine Cystine Amorphous urates Uric acid Sodium urate Calcium oxalate |
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Which crystals are found in alkaline urine?
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Dicalcium phosphate
Triple Phosphate (struvite) Calcium carbonate Amorphous phosphate Ammonium biurate |
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Triple Phosphate crytals are aka...
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Struvite
Magnesium Phosphate Ammonium |
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Ammonium biurate is aka...
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thorny apple
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What do you need for a catheterization?
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Scrub
Sterile gloves Sterile lube Catheter Light source/speculum (female) |
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What positions does a female and male dog need to be in for catheterization?
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Female: Standing
Male: Lat recumbency |
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What are some key points when using Unopette (Hemocytometer)?
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The bottle contains a diluting and lysing solution.
Let sit for 10 min. Load with no spill over. Count both sides, divide by 2 (should be close range). |
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A total WBC counts...
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all WBCs
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A differential counts...
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each type of WBC
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What are the tests for microfilaria?
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Modified Knotts
Filter |
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What are the tests for adult heartworm?
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Antigen Test
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Low WBC count can be associated with....
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Inflammation
Infection Viral disease |
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What do reacitve lymphocytes look like?
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cytoplasm is abundant and darker
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What are some signs of a toxic neutrophil?
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foamy cytoplasm
Dohle bodies Basophilia |
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Where are most blood parasites located?
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on the perimeter of the RBC
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What type of cell does erlichia attack?
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WBC
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Babesia looks like...
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two teardrops on the RBC surface
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What are some signs of a platelet disorder?
|
Petechia
Surface bleeding Venapuncture bleeding Incision oozing |
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What are some signs of a coag disorder?
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Hematoma
Deep bleeding Delayed bleeding |
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How can we tell if a clotting disorder or inherited?
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Young age
Previous episodes Affected relatives |
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How can we tell if a clotting disorder is acquired?
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Any age
No previous problems No affected kin |
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Why do we study coag time?
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Presurgery
Abnormal PeX findings Abnormal lab findings |
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How long does it take a clot to form once it is exposed from underneath endothelial cells?
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within 30 seconds
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What are the causes of some bleeding disorders?
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Inherited
Organ dysfunction Toxins |
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If the patient has a bleeding disorder how do you go about getting a sample?
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Atruamatic stick
Gentle handling No alcohol |
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What is used for a coag check?
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Vacutainer to a blue top tube
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What does a BTT have in it?
|
Na Citrate
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What is the procedure for a Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Time?
|
Tie upper lip up with gauze
Use simplate Start timing Blot away drips of blood Normal clot: 2-4 min |
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What tube do we use for Acitvated Clotting Time?
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Use GTT with diatomaceous earth
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What is the procedure for Activated Clotting Time?
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Warm tube
Time 0 when blood enters tube 2ml and invert 30 seconds of timing and inversion and warming Normal dog clot: 60-90 sec Normal cat clot: 90-120 sec |
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What do we use for a PT or APTT?
|
SCA2000
Vacutainer BTT (chilled) |
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What is the procedure for a PT or APTT?
|
Use vacutainer
RTT for first draw BTT for self fill Centrifuge BTT ASAP Transfer plasma to RTT Freeze and submit |
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Define cholestasis
|
Gallbladder obstruction/ blockage
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What is another term for liver in regards to assays?
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hepatobiliary
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How is hepatocellular damage detected?
|
damaged hepatocytes and enzymes leak out to the blood where they are detected
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How is a bile acids panel performed?
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Patient gives fasted serum sample (pre-prandial)
Then patient eats and gives second sample (post-prandial) |
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What does elevated BUN result from?
|
3/4 of kidneys gone already
Dehydrated amino acid breakdown and excretion of nitrogen 1/2 absorbed, 1/2 excreted |
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What is azotemia?
|
urea in blood
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What do we use for BUN results sometimes?
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Azo stick
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What is creatinine?
|
energy compound of muscle
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What does creatinine signify in findings?
|
glomerular filtration problem
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What is phosphorus?
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kidneys are responsible for excreting
Will show up in renal failure |
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What is uric acid and when does it occur?
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Nitrogen catabolism end product
Loss of 70% of the kidney |
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What happens in pancreatitis?
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Ducts get swollen shut and can't release enzymes
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What does Trypsin do and what tests do we use for it?
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Gives ability to digest food
Normal in feces Tests: Xray Film Test Tube TLI |
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What pancreatic enzymes do we find in the peritoneal fluid?
|
Amylase
Lipase |
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When is pancreatitis seen in regards to amylase?
|
When it is 3-4x over normal
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What does lipase do?
|
Break down fats
Pancreatitis sensitive tests Corticosteroids can inc.lipase |
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What tests do we use pancreatic glucose?
|
IV Glucose Tolerance Test
Glucose-Fructosamine Test ACTH Stim |
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What are some electrolytes that we run?
|
Ca
Inorganic Phosphorus Na K Mg Cl Bicarbonate |
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What are some characteristics of reactive lymphocytes?
|
Cytoplasm becomes basophilic
Larger area of cytoplasm |
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What are the 2 types of immune response?
|
Innate (non-specific)
Acquired/adaptive (specific) |
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What is innate immunity?
|
Born with
Skin MM Inflammation NK cells Mononuclear phagocytic system |
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What is adaptive/acquired immunity?
|
Being exposed to, vaccines
Humoral and Cell mediated |
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What is humoral immunity?
|
B-lymphocytes (immunoglobulins)
Recognize billions of antigens |
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What is cell-mediated immunity?
|
T-lymphocytes
Antigen/antibody recognition |
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What is a titer?
|
checks levels of antibodies in blood, whether an active infection or recent exposure
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What 2 types of immunization are there?
|
Passive
Active |
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|
What is passive immunization?
|
Antibodies were made elsewhere and passed on
Colostrum, transfusion... |
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What are the 2 types of active immunization?
|
Killed
Modified Live |
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What are killed vacs?
|
Cannot cause disease b/c disease causing organism has been killed
Often mixed with adjuvant that stimulates immune system |
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What is a modified live vacs?
|
Disease causing organism is alive but weakened in some way
No adjuvant needed Do NOT use in pregnant or immunocompromised animals |
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What is another type of immune system disorder?
|
Lymphoma
|
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|
Define serology
|
Study of serum
Detection and measurement of Ab or Ag |
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|
What are some specific tests for humoral immunity?
|
ELISA
Latex agglutination Immunodiffusion Coombs Test Intradermal Tests |
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|
What is ELISA?
|
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Binds to Ag or Ab when placed on the opposite Test also uses a 2nd Ag or Ab to aid in detection Color changes |
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What is a test for cell-mediated immunity?
|
Tuberculin skin test
|
|
|
What is a Heska Hematru used for? How does it measure?
|
CBC
Measures by impedence (counting by size) |
|
|
When referring to estrous/estrus, which is the noun and which is the adj?
|
noun: estrous
adj: estrus |
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|
When does estrogen rise and what type of cell does it bring with it?
|
rises during proestrus
brings cornified ep cells |
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|
How do we make a vaginal prep slide?
|
Moistened cotton swab
Pass thru vulva and vestibule Direct swab dorsally then redirect cranially Twirl for sample Roll swab onto slide (roll prep) and stain with Dif-Quick |
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Describe Non-cornified ep cells
|
Parabasal and Intermediate
During proestrus |
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|
Describe Cornified ep cells
|
Superficial
Angular cytoplasm PYKNOTIC nucleus or anuclear During estrus |
|
|
What cells are present in metritis/vaginitis?
|
Non-cornified ep cells
Massive # of neutrophils Possible free or phagocytized bacteria |
|
|
Describe the cytology of proestrus
|
Early: RBCs, parabasal, some WBCs
Late: Dec. RBCs, Cornified ep cells begin |
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|
Describe the cytology of estrus
|
Large dec. in RBCs
ALL cornified ep cells NO neutrophils |
|
|
Describe the cytology of diestrus
|
Cornified ep cells replaced with Non-cornified
Abundant cellular debri Some WBC |
|
|
Describe the cytology of anestrus
|
Dominantly Non-cornified ep cells (basal/parabasal/intermediate)
No RBC or WBC |
|
|
What are the 4 stages of estrous?
|
Proestrus
Estrus Diestrus Anestrus |
|
|
What tests do we use for platelet function?
|
BMBT
|
|
|
What tests do we use for coag?
|
ACT/ATPP (Intrinsic)
PT (Extrinsic) |
|
|
What clotting factor does von Willebrands affect and what test do we use?
|
Factor VIII
Factor VIII-Ag Test |
|
|
What can happen if a blood vessel is damaged and there are no platelets?
|
petechia
|
|
|
What can happen if a BV is damaged and there are no coags?
|
hematoma
big bleed |
|
|
What are some liver assays?
|
ALT
AST SDH GLDH |
|
|
Which liver assays identify cholestasis?
|
ALK Phos
GGT |
|
|
What are some tests for hepatocyte function?
|
Bilirubin
Bile Acids |
|
|
What are the assays for kidney?
|
BUN
CREA Phos Urinalysis |
|
|
What is TLI?
|
Trypsin-like immunoreactivity
Tests pancreatic digestive function |
|
|
What are some pancreatic assays?
|
Trypsin
Amylase Lipase Glucose (Endocrine) |
|
|
What are some plasma protein assays?
|
TP
Albumin Globulin A:G Ration Fibrinogen |
|
|
What are the clinical signs of Proestrus?
|
swollen vulva
reddish discharge |
|
|
What are the clinical signs of Estrus?
|
less swollen vulva
pink/straw colored discharge |
|
|
What are the clinical signs of diestrus?
|
dec. vulvar swelling and discharge
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of Anestrus?
|
no vulvar swelling
no discharge |
