Systemic Pathology Exam 1

Front 1

What is reddening of the skin called, and what causes it?
What is a disease associated with it?

Back 1

Erythema
Due to congestion of capillaries (hemorrhage)
Associated with Lyme's Disease

Front 2

What is a flat lesion of altered skin color, less than 1.0cm2?
Where is it located in the skin?

Back 2

Macule, purpura (petechia = pinpoint)
Purpura is caused by hemorrhage
Located in epidermis

Front 3

What is a flat lesion of altered skin color, greater than 1.0cm2?

Back 3

Patch

Front 4

What is a solid elevation of skin, less than 1.0cm2?
Where is it located in the skin?
What is a disease associated with it?

Back 4

Papule
Below the epidermis
Associated with Psoriasis

Front 5

What is a large elevation formed by coalescing papules?

Back 5

Plaque

Front 6

What is a skin elevation that is elevated greater than 1.0cm2?

Where is it located?

Back 6

Nodule

Dermis or subcutis

Front 7

What is a elevated area caused by derma edema?

Back 7

Wheal (hives or urticaria)

Can coalesce and form plaques - are transient.

Front 8

What is another name for a small blister (less than 1.0cm2) located within the epidermis or below the epidermal-dermal junction?
What is a disease associated with it?

Back 8

Vesicle
Larger vesicle = blebs or bullae
Associated with Foot & Mouth Disease

Front 9

What is a small accumulation of pus within the epidermis or hair follicle?
What is associated with it?

Back 9

Pustule (basically a superficial abscess that contains neutrophils and bacteria)
Pustular dermatitis due to Staph aureus

Front 10

What is a feature of a skin leasion where there is an encircling scale with its free edges toward the center?

What does it represent?

Back 10

Epidermal collarette

Represents earlier bulla, vesicle, or pustule

Front 11

Scales are accumulations of what layer of the epidermis

What disorder is this seen with?

Back 11

Stratum corneum
Seen in chronic dermatitis and hyperkeratosis
(specifically hyperkeratosis from seborrheic dermatitis)

Front 12

What is another name for a scab and what does it usually consist of?

Back 12

Crust
Consists of dried exudate, such as serum, blood, pus, bacterial debris, etc
(can arise secondary to things such as bacterial dermatitis)

Front 13

What are focal depression of the skin where there is partial loss of the epidermis (but no involvedment with basement membrane)?
What does it result from?

Back 13

Erosions
May result from ruptured vesicle or pustule, or trauma to the skin

Front 14

What is a superficial erosion, which results in superficial loss of epithelium due to trauma?

Back 14

Excoriation (due to things such as scratching)

Front 15

What is a deep linear crack or groove in the epidermis, and it extends into the dermis (which disrupts the basement membrane)?
What causes this?

Back 15

Fissure
Caused by drying or thickening of the epidermis (loss of elasticity)

Front 16

What is the loss of epidermis to the level of at least the superficial dermis (which disrupts the basement membrane)?
What is a disorder associated with it?

Back 16

Ulcer
Associated with severe ulcerative dermatitis (or lick granuloma)

Front 17

What is the irregular thickening of the skin with creases and sometimes hyperpigmentation?
What is a disease associated with it?
What are two examples of lichenification?

Back 17

Lichenification
Can be caused by fungal infection in a dog (Malassezie infection)
Acanthosis and Hyperkeratosis

Front 18

What are epidermal proliferations, which give the epidermis a rough, warty appearance?

Back 18

Verrucae

Front 19

What kind of tissue makes up a scar, and replaces normal skin following injury or laceration to the skin?

Back 19

Fibrous connective tissue

Front 20

_______ is the thickening of the skin due to epidermal hyperplasia (especially the stratum spinosum). It is also know it as a ______.
It develops secondary to_______.

Back 20

Acanthosis
Callous
Chronic infection

Front 21

Normal epidermis is ______ cells thick.

Back 21

6-10

Front 22

_________ is the disruption of ________ (intercellular junctions) between keratinocytes.

Back 22

Acantholysis
Desmosomes

Front 23

Hyperkeratosis is an increase in the thickness of the_____ layer of the epidermis.

Back 23

Stratum corneum

Front 24

Hyperkeratosis is subdivided into to categories: ______, where cornified epithelial cells are anuclear; and______, where cornified epithelial cells have nuclei.

Back 24

Orthokeratosis
Parakeratosis

Front 25

An example of orthokeratosis is __________, where there is excessive crusting, scaliness, and greasiness of the skin.

Back 25

Idiopathic seborrhea
[Idiopathic = unknown cause/origin
Seborrhea = excessive discharge of sebum from the sebaceous glands]
Idiopathic seborrhea results in increased production of corneocytes and visible scale.

Front 26

________ is intercellular edema (edema in the interstitium).
Why does it develop?

Back 26

Spongiosis
Develops as a sequela to inflammation

Front 27

______ is the caused be intracellular (intracytoplasmic) accumulation of water, or ________________.
This can lead to ______ formation.

Back 27

Ballooning
Hydroptic degneration
Vesicle

[cells accumulate water, rupture, and cause a vesicle]

Front 28

What is marked acanthosis, that resembles a carcinoma? It can also be seen histologically when looking at equine ____ and bovine warts.

Back 28

Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia
Sarcoids

Front 29

What is the disorder that is caused by melanocytopenia (or a lack of melanin production), and is characterized by expanding pale macules due to destruction of melanocytes?
It is thought to be an ______ disease.

Back 29

Vitiligo
Autoimmune

Front 30

The ____ is the largest organ in the body.

Back 30

Skin

Front 31

Skin is thickest on the ____ and lateral limbs, and thinnest on the ____ and inner thighs.

Back 31

Dorsum
Ventrum

Front 32

List of the 4 layers of the epidermis.

What is the 5th layer that is found in the foot pads of cats and dogs, and between what two layers is it located?

Back 32

- Stratum corneum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum basale

5th - Stratum lucidum (located between corneum and granulosum)

Front 33

Stratum lucidum contains the protein ______, which eventually becomes keratin.

Back 33

Eleidan

Front 34

How long does it take for the maturation of a keratinocyte?

Back 34

Approximately one month

Front 35

What is seborrhea?
What does it cause?

Back 35

Excessive dishcharge of sebum from sebaceous glands.
It causes accelerated keratinization.

Front 36

What is the function of melanocytes?
Which epidermal layer(s) are they found in?

Back 36

Give hair and skin color
Basale & spinosum

Front 37

________ are bone marrow-derived monocyte-macrophage cells that present antigens to T-lymphocytes. They are located in the _____ layer(s) of the epidermis.

Back 37

Langerhans cells
Basale, spinosum, granulosum

Front 38

What are the neuroendocrine cells that have tactile sensory perception? Where are they located in the epidermis?

Back 38

Merkel cells
Basal layer
(cause Merkel cell carcinomas)

Front 39

What structure separates the epidermis and the dermis?
What type of collagen anchors them together?
What cell junctions are found here?

Back 39

Basement membrane
Type IV collagen
Hemidesmosomes

Front 40

What structure consists of collagen and elastic fibers in a glycoaminoglycan matrix, and supports hair folicles, adnexal structures, nerves, and vessels?

Back 40

Dermis

Front 41

Skin has three roles in host defense:

Back 41

1. Physical
2. Immunological
3. Reparative mechanisms

Front 42

The main defense layer of the epidermis is the stratum _______.

Back 42

Corneum

Front 43

Sebaceous glands in the skin secrete sebum, which contains vitamin ___. This vitamin protects against antioxidants.

Back 43

E

Front 44

Melanin pigmentation functions to protect against _______.

Back 44

UV light

Front 45

The basement membrane, which lies between the _____ and the _____, functions to protect against the invasion of ______ cells.

Back 45

Dermis & epidermis
Neoplastic

Front 46

The _____ immune response functions during the first 7 days of exposure.

Back 46

Innate

Front 47

Keratinocytes in the stratum corneum of the epidermis contain ____ (cytokine), which is released against invading pathogens, and induces gene expression.

Back 47

IL-1

Front 48

Adaptive immunity involves __ and ___ lymphocytes, which increase by _____ expansion.

Back 48

T & B
Clonal

Front 49

During an adaptive immune response, a stimulus causes ____ cells and ____ cells in the dermis to phagocytize and process the agent.

Back 49

Langerhan's
Dendritic

Front 50

Uncontrolled immune response can lead to chronic inflammatory disorders. Name three.

Back 50

Contact hypersentitivity (type IV, delayed-type)
Atophic dermititis (type I, immediate allergy against environment)
Lupus erythematous (type III, immune complex disease)

Front 51

What are the two repairative mechanisms of the skin?

Back 51

Healing by first intention
Healing by second intention

Front 52

Explain healing by first intention.

Back 52

Healing by first intention:
- Bring edges of wound together
- Macrophages remove debris/blood/etc
- New blood vessels sprout
- ECM is synthesized
- Basal cells --> hyperplasia --> covers defect in 3-5 days

Front 53

Explain healing by second intention.

Back 53

Healing by second intention:
- Edges of skin are NOT brought together
- CT is haphazardly made and arranged
- Disorganization = harder to immune cells to get to wound
- Proliferating fibroblasts = perpendicular to capillaries, and capillaries = perpendicular to skin surface???
- Tensile strength = diminshed as compared to first intention

Front 54

Wounds should start healing on the _____ (inside/outside) and work their way ____ (out/in).

Back 54

Inside
Out

Front 55

_______ is an increase in the thickness of the stratum corneum.

Back 55

Hyperkeratosis

Front 56

What are four specific syndromes associated with orthokeratosis?

Back 56

1. Idiopathic seborrhea (excessive crusting, scaliness, and greasiness of the skin)
2. Ichthyosis (genetic defect where skin is thickened and can crack into plates due to increased adherence of keratinocytes [prevents normal desquamination])
3. Vitamin A deficiency (causes xerophthalmia [dry cornea] because of lack of B-carotene)
4. Zinc responsive dermatitis (defect in metabolism of Zn (1) or inadequate Zn in diet (2))

Front 57

What drugs can help cause hepatocutaneous syndrome?

Back 57

Phenobarbital and phenytoin

Front 58

Hepatocutaneous syndrome, also called _____ _____ ______, causes hypoaminoacidemia, which is the the presence of abnormally ____ (low/high) concentrations of ______ in the blood.

Back 58

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis
Low
Amino acids

Front 59

A clinical sign of hepatocutaneous syndrome in older dogs is that the ___ ___ are thickened and contain fissures and crusts. This is due to a _____ (inc/dec) epidermal turn-over due to _____ (inc/dec) availability of AA or the abnormal ___ (what element?) metabolism.

Back 59

Foot pads
Decreased
Decreased
Zn

Front 60

Hepatocutaneous syndrome causes epidermal lesions, and also is associated with _____ (liver/kidney/intestinal) disease.

Back 60

Liver

Front 61

Hepatocutaneous syndrome causes epidermal crusts and fissures, and also causes _____ in the liver, which causes the collapse of hepatic lobules.

Back 61

Fibrosis

Front 62

Acanthosis is a form of _________ (lesion term) that occurs because of hyperplasia, or an increase in _____ of cells in the epidermis.

Back 62

Lichenification
Number

Front 63

_______ is characterized by premature keratinization of viable cells in the epidermis. Why do epidermal cells stain brightly eosinophilic in this disorder

Back 63

Dyskeriosis
Accumulation of keratin filaments

Front 64

In what circumstancs is dyskeriosis seen?

Back 64

1. Zn responsive dermatitis
2. Premalignant change in actinic keratitis
3. malignant change in squamous cell carcinoma

Front 65

Programmed cell death is also called _____. Apoptotic keratinocytes resemble dyskeratotic keratinocytes because they stain _______. In apoptosis, this is because of a condensation of cytoplasmic________.

Back 65

Apoptosis
Eosinophilic
Organelles

Front 66

_____ is abnormal development of the keratinocytes that refers to alteration in size, shape, or organization. If these cells cross the basement membrane, they become _______.

Back 66

Dysplasia
Neoplastic

Front 67

What are three characteristics of abnormal cells?

Back 67

1. Large nuclei
2. Multi-nucleated cells
3. Giant cells
4. Mitotic figures
5. Variance in cells
6. Vacuoles in cells

Front 68

______ is the decrease in number and size of cells. What are two causes of this disorder occuring in the skin?

Back 68

Atrophy

1. Cushing's
2. Localized ischemia (necrosis)
3. Severe malnutrition

Front 69

Spongiosis is _______ edema. What are two causes of spongiosis?

Back 69

1. Staphylococcus sp. (bacteria)
2. Malasezia ap. (fungus)
3. Poxvirus infection (virus)

Front 70

_______ is the disruption of intercellular junctions. What is a cause of this?

Back 70

Acantholysis

Pemphigus - a rare group of blistering autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes. When autoantibodies attack desmosomes, the cells become separated from each other and the epidermis becomes "unglued", a phenomenon called acantholysis

Front 71

What are three causes of vesicles?

Back 71

1. Epidermal edema (balooning degeneration)
2. Friction
3. Thermal burns
4. Acantholysis (autoimmune disease)
5. Viral infection (poxvirus)

Front 72

What are two causes of pustules?

Back 72

1. Bacterial infections
2. Pemphigus (autoimmune)
3. Feline eosinophilic granuloma

Front 73

Hyperpigmentation occurs with the increased production of ______, or the increase in the number of _______. In addition, an increase in size of _____ granules can produce hyperpigmentation.

Back 73

Melanin
Melanocytes
Melanin

Front 74

What are two causes of hyperpigmentation?

Back 74

1. Chronic inflammation
2. Endocrinopathies (Cushing's)
3. Photosensitivity (certain drugs)

Front 75

Hypopigmentation can be _____ or _____ (causes). It can also be caused by a deficiency in ______ (mineral).

Back 75

Congenital
Hereditary
Copper (Cu)

Front 76

In dogs and cats, albinism is often associated with hypoplasia of _____ (organ) and _____ (condition).

Back 76

Organ of Corti
Deafness

Front 77

Hypopigmentation can be caused by a deficiency in cooper. This occurs because copper is needed for the synthesis of _______, which is needed for the synthesis of ______. This type of hypopigmentation is seen with excess ______ or _____ in the diet.

Back 77

Tyrosinase
Melanin

Molybdenum
Sulfur

Front 78

______ is a form of genetic hypomelanosis. It results in white patches of skin where there are no _______ or these cells can't produce _____.

Back 78

Piebaldism
Melanocytes
Melanin

Front 79

Pigmentary Incontinence, a type of hypopigmentation, refers to the loss of melanin from what layer of the epidermis? Melanin accumulates in what cells in the dermis?

Back 79

Basilar layer
Macrophages

Front 80

PIgmentary incontinence is seen in what diseases? Macrophages in the _____ (skin layer) are filled with melanin granules.

Back 80

1. Vitiligo (autoimmune)
2. Chronic inflammation
3. Discoid lupus erythematosus (autoimmune)
Macrophages

Front 81

_____ is a form of hypopigmentation that can be caused by burns, trauma, etc. Melanin is found in the superficial dermis in what cells?

Back 81

Leukoderma
Macrophages

Front 82

________is the decrease or loss of pigment in hair.

Back 82

Leukotrichia

Front 83

Dermal atrophy is a result of a decrease in the number of ______ (cell type) and _____ fibers. What are two clinical signs of this?

Back 83

Fibroblasts
Collagen
1. Thin skin
2. Vascular prominence

Front 84

What are some causes of dermal atrophy?

Back 84

1. Cushing's
2. Starvation
3. Corticosteroids

Front 85

Dermal ______ develops in response to chronic injury to the epidermis (primarily chronic ulceration). Which way are collagen fibers and capillaries aligned in relation to the skin?

Back 85

Fibrosis
Collagen fibers are perpendicular to capillaries and to the surface of the skin

Front 86

What condition develops as a result of dermal fibrosis, in which there is granulation tissue in the place of "normal" tissue? What is this called when there is EXCESSIVE granulation tissue?

Back 86

Scar
Proud flesh (exhuberant granulation tissue)

Front 87

_____ is an abnormal protein deposit in the skin as a result of primary abnormality of immunocytes.

Back 87

Amyloid
Chronic

Front 88

Amyloid is derived from components of _________ light chains. The deposition is a result of _______ inflammation.

Back 88

Immunoglobulin
Chronic

Front 89

AL amyloid is seen in dogs with what condition?

Back 89

Monoclonal gammophathy
or
Plasma cell tumors

Front 90

____ is a jelly-like glycoaminoglycan and is a normal component of the dermal ground matrix. It is produced by dermal_____ (cell).

Back 90

Mucin
Fibroblasts

Front 91

Mucin readily binds to _____. Excess mucin causes a condition known as ________ and is found in Shar-pei dogs.

Back 91

Water
Mucinosis

Front 92

Mucinosis is characterized by an excess amount of _____ between ____ fibers.

Back 92

Mucin
Collagen

Front 93

Mucinosis can also result in _____ formation, because of the swelling.

Back 93

Vesicle

Front 94

Thickened dermis (because of excess mucin and water) can cause thin, fragile _____, and a decrease in dermal ____ fibers.

Back 94

Skin
Collagen

Front 95

Animals with mucinosis (Shar-pei) are likely to develop ____ and ____ infections.

Back 95

Bacterial (Staph)
Yeast (Malassezia)

Front 96

_____ is symmetrical swelling of facial skin and it may occur because of hypothyroidism.

Back 96

Myxedema

Front 97

What is the deposition of insoluble calcium salts in the tissues?

Back 97

Calcification (or mineralization)

Front 98

What are three causes of calcification in the tissues?

Back 98

1. Dystrophic mineralization
2. Metastatic mineralization
3. Idiopathic mineralization

Front 99

What endocrinopathy is associated with calcification of tissue?

Back 99

Cushing's Disease

Front 100

_____ mineralization (which kind) develops as a result of injury or degeneration of cells.

Back 100

Dystrophic

Front 101

Dystrophic mineralization occurs as a result of influx of ____ into injured cells and ____ (inc/dec) tissue pH.

Back 101

Calcium
Decreased

Front 102

Calcinosis cutis (secondary to Cushing's disease) is an example of which calcification?

Back 102

Dystrophic
(feels like grains of sand in the tissue)

Front 103

_____ mineralization (which kind) results because of abnormal metabolism of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D.

Back 103

Metastatic

Front 104

Uremia secondary to chronic renal disease is an example of which type of mineralization?

Back 104

Metastatic

Front 105

Mineralization of the gastric wall is due to which type of mineralization?

Back 105

Metastatic

Front 106

Where does mineralization of calcium salts start?

Back 106

Around blood vessels (perivascular)

Front 107

Calcification because of unknown causes is known as _________.

Back 107

Idiopathic

Front 108

Collagen fibers that are affected with calcification stain what color?

Back 108

Deep blue

Front 109

Name one example of idiopathic calcification.

Back 109

Calcinosis circumscripta

Front 110

What should you do if an area of tissue is calcified?

Back 110

You should go in and cut it out

Front 111

Acute dermatitis involves mainly what two clinical signs?

Back 111

1. Hyperemia
2. Edema

Front 112

At the microscopic level, acute dermatitis shows what three things?

Back 112

1. Leukocytes in affected area
2. Release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators
3. Vasodilation of arterioles and increased blood flow to capillary beds

Front 113

Why does edema occur with acute dermatitis?

Back 113

Increased vascular permeability (to let leukocytes out) --> increased leakage of plasma --> edema

Front 114

Exudate that leaves the skin associated with acute dermatitis is initially _____, and if the insult persists, the exudate contains _____and that means that endothelial damage has occured.

Back 114

Serous
Blood

Front 115

Describe the process of leukocytes leaving the bloodstream.

Back 115

Vasoconstriction --> vascular flow slows --> leukocyte adhesion to endothelium --> migration of neutrophils --> macrophages migrate to inflammation

Front 116

What are two of the four outcomes of acute dermatitis?

Back 116

1. Complete resolution (minimal tissue damage)
2. Abscess formation (pyogenic bacteria)
3. Healing w/ scar tissue (significant tissue damage)
4. Chronic dermatitis (stimulus & inflammatory response persist)

Front 117

Microscopically, with chronic dermatitis you see large numbers of what types of cells? What is it called if a large # of neutrophils are present?

Back 117

Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Macrophages

Pyogranulomatous

Front 118

______ dermatitis is caused by repeated or persistent infections.

Back 118

Chronic

Front 119

What are a few causes of chronic dermatitis?

Back 119

1. Chronic hypersensitivity reactions
2. Presence of granulotamous-inducing organisms (Tb)
3. Presence of foreign body (keratin/hair)
4. Autoimmune disease (continuous response against host antigens [Lupus erythematous])

Front 120

What is the key cell of the inflammatory response? What cytokine stimulates this cell?

Back 120

Macrophage
IFN-gamma

Front 121

What do macrophages secrete to cause tissue damage?

Back 121

1. Oxygen metabolites
2. Proteases
3. Coagulation factors
4. Growth factors, angiogenesis factors, and collagenases that stimulate fibrosis

Front 122

What are the three types of dermatitis that were presented in class (not chronic or acute)?

Back 122

1. Perivascular dermatitis with eosinophils
2. Interface dermatitis with lymphocytes and plasma cells
3. Nodular dermatitis

Front 123

What is an example of perivascular dermatiis with eosinophils?

Back 123

Chronic flea bite dermatitis

Front 124

What is an example of interface dermatiis?

Back 124

Lupus erythematosus

Front 125

What is an example of nodular dermatitis?

Back 125

Equine collagenolytic nodular dermatitis
OR bacterial, fungal, parasitic infections

Front 126

Describe the histology of equine collagenolytic nodular dermatitis.

Back 126

Collagen necrosis, accompanied by eosinophilic granulomatous inflammatory response (possibly a hypersensitivity reaction)

Front 127

_____ is the inflammation of the hair follicle.

Back 127

Folliculitis

Front 128

What is furunculosis?

Back 128

Hair follicule ruptures and spews into dermis - intense inflammatory response

Front 129

Put these in order from beginning to end:
1. Mural folliculitis
2. Perifolliculitis
3. Furunculosis
4. Luminal folliculitis

Back 129

2
1
4
3

Front 130

What are nonspecific changes that are seen early in the development of many types of folliculitis?

Back 130

Perifolliculitis

Front 131

Pemphigus foliaceus (a rare group of blistering autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes and destroys desmosomes) causes what type of folliculitis?

Back 131

Mural folliculitis

Front 132

Demodex causes what type of folliculitis?

Back 132

Interface folliculitis

Front 133

Alopecia areata (immune mediated disease) is associated with what type of folliculitis?

Back 133

Bulbitis

Front 134

Bacterial (Staph), fungal (Microsporum) and parasitic (Demodex) infections are associated with what type of folliculitis?

Back 134

Luminal folliculitis

Front 135

_____ folliculitis is inflammation in the wall of the hair follicle.

Back 135

Mural

Front 136

_____ folliculitis is inflammation in the lumen of the hair follicle.

Back 136

Luminal

Front 137

_____ is an inherited autosomal recessive trait in which inflammation initially starts in the ducts and spreads to the glands (sebaceous). It is characterized as an _____ disease, and chronic lesions show complete loss of _____ glands, dermal inflammation, and scarring.

Back 137

Sebaceous adenitis

Front 138

____ is inflammation of the apocrine sweat glands. It is closely associated with folliculitis and furunculosis.

Back 138

Hidradenitis

Front 139

____ is inflamation of the SQ adipose tissue. Sterile nodular panniculitis is found in the dachshund and miniature poodle.

Back 139

Panniculitis

Front 140

Panniculitis may be primary of secondary. _____ develops secondary to petentrating wound or bacterial/fungal dermatitis. _____ develops with diets high in polyunsaturated fats & low in antioxidates (vit E).

Back 140

Secondary
Primary

Front 141

____ conditions develop in the fetus and are present at birth.

Back 141

Congenital

Front 142

_____ disease are transmitted genetically and may not be manifested at birth but develop later in life.

Back 142

Hereditary

Front 143

Ichthyosis can be both inherited and congenital, and the main lesion is _______(thickened skin), and the development of ______(cracks in skin).

Back 143

Hyperkeratosis
Fissures

Front 144

What is the defect that causes ichthyosis?

Back 144

Increased adherance of keratinocytes (prevents normal desquamination)

Front 145

Ionizing radiation causes damage to what cells?

Back 145

Dividing cells in the stratum basale

Front 146

When do lesions develop from ionizing radiation?

Back 146

2-4 weeks after initial insult

Front 147

____ burn (degree) has vesicles.

Back 147

Second degree

Front 148

_____ burn (degree) is like a sunburn.

Back 148

First degree

Front 149

_____ burn (degree) resembles an ulcer (showing of dermis).

Back 149

Third degree

Front 150

Ionizing radiation resembles a ____ burn (degree).

Back 150

Second degree

Front 151

When does radiation damage to the microvascular system appear?

Back 151

Months to years after insult

Front 152

What are three of the five results of ionizing radiation injury to the skin?

Back 152

1. Leukotrichia (hair pigment loss)
2. Dermal scarring (loss of adnexal structures)
3. Epidermal atrophy
4. Chronic ulceration
5. Squamous cell carcinoma

Front 153

____ injuries can develop from direct contact or absorption of substnaces from the GI tract.

Back 153

Chemical

Front 154

There are two forms of irritant contact dermatitis. Name them.

Back 154

1. Direct contact (similar to chemical injury)
2. Allergic contact dermatitis (antibodies against antigens?)

Front 155

Irritant contact dermatitis can be complicated by self-traumitization like _____.

Back 155

Licking
Scratching

Front 156

___ ___ reaction occur as a result of an injectible vaccine or therapeutic agent that. It causes an intense ______response and formation of a _______.

Back 156

Injection site reaction
Inflammatory
Granuloma

Front 157

Cats injected with certain killed vaccines containing strong adjuvants can result in what strong reactions?

Back 157

Feline injection site sarcoma

Front 158

Hepatocutaneous syndrome is also called______.

Back 158

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis

Front 159

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis sometimes consists of _____.

Back 159

Erosions and ulcers with crusts

Front 160

Idiopathic liver disease, as well as phenobarbital or phenytoid can be the cause of _______.

Back 160

Hepatocutaneous syndrome (superficial necrolytic dermatitis)

Front 161

Liver lesions associated with hepatocutaneous syndrome include_____.

Back 161

Diffuse interlobar fibrosis and collapse of individual hepatic lobules

Front 162

Pemphigus sp. causes ____ (derm term) to form, and is associated with acantholysis.

Back 162

Pustules

Front 163

Acantholysis can cause pustules or ______ to form in the epidermis.

Back 163

Vesicles

Front 164

Pustules are located below the stratum _____ in the epidermis.

Back 164

Corneum

Front 165

Four etiologies of orthokeratosis

Back 165

1. Zinc responsive dermatitis
2. Idiopathic seborrhea
3. Vitamin A deficiency
4. Ichthyosis

Front 166

Two lesions associated with Ichthyosis.

Back 166

1. Thickened skin (hyperkeratosis)
2. Plates/scales
3. Fissures

Front 167

Vitamin A definiciency causes what eye problem?

Back 167

Dry cornea (xerophthalmia)

Front 168

What are two reasons for Zinc responsive dermatitis?

Back 168

1. Improper Zn metabolism
2. Zn deficiency (nutrition)

Front 169

What are a few symptoms of seborrhea?

Back 169

1. Crusts
2. Grease
3. Scaling
4. Increased production of corneocytes
5. Hyperproliferation of epidermis, hair follicle, sebaceous glands

Front 170

What causes ichthyosis?

Back 170

Increased adherence of keratinocytes - it prevents normal desquamination.

Front 171

Vitamin A deficiency is caused by a lack of ______ in the diet.

Back 171

B-carotene

Front 172

What is the morphology of Zn responsive dermatitis?

Back 172

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis
Scaling
Crusting
Alopecia

Front 173

Three causes of epidermal atrophy

Back 173

1. Cushing's
2. Severe malnutrition
3. Localized ischemia

Front 174

Three causes of spongiosis

Back 174

1. Staph sp
2. Malessezia sp.
3. Poxvirus

Front 175

Two causes of acantholysis

Back 175

1. Pemphigus foliaceus (subcorneal pustules)
2. Pemphigus vulgaris (spinosum from basale)

Front 176

How do you treat epidermal crusts?

Back 176

Douse in beta-dine, get crusts off, give penicillin, and give baths often

Front 177

Dogs with mucinosis are more susceptible to developing _____ (bacteria) or _____ (fungi) infections because of the excessive skin rolls.

Back 177

Staphylococcus
Malassezia

Front 178

Dogs with mucinosis develop cutaneous ______.

Back 178

Vesicles

Front 179

Mucinosis is characterized as having too much _____ between ____ fibers.

Back 179

Mucin
Collagen

Front 180

The cause of myxedema in dogs and humans can be _______.

Back 180

Hypothyroidism

Front 181

To treat myxedema, _____ medication should be given in most cases.

Back 181

Thyroid

Front 182

When a dog smells uremic, what is your first R/O?

Back 182

Mineralization (metastatic)

Front 183

Chronic uremia causes what type of mineralization?

Back 183

Metastatic calcification

Front 184

When collagen fibers are damaged, and they accumulate calcium, this disorder is called_____. The affected collagen fibers stain ____ instead of pink.

Back 184

Idiopathic calcification
Blue

Front 185

Calcinosis circumscripta (idiopathic calcification) occurs in what three main areas of the body?

Back 185

Tongue
Foot pads
Boney prominences

Front 186

Three lesions seen in acute dermatitis

Back 186

1. Hyperemia (congestion)
2. Pustule
3. Crust
4. Excoriation
5. Epidermal collaratte?

Front 187

Four causes of chronic dermatitis

Back 187

1. Chronic hypersensitivity
2. Foreign body
3. Granulomatous-inducing organisms
4. Autoimmune disease (lupus erythematous)

Front 188

How should you treat dermatitis?

Back 188

Shave area, let it dry, antibiotic

Front 189

Chronic proliferative interface dermatitis happens when a normal _____ is faced against an inflammed_____.

Back 189

Epidermis
Dermis

Front 190

Three types of dermatitis

Back 190

1. Perivascular
2. Interface
3. Nodular

Front 191

Perivascular (acute) dermatitis is usually caused by ______ reaction.

Back 191

Hypersensitivity
(Contact dermatitis)

Front 192

Interface dermatisis is usually caused by _____ disease.

Back 192

Autoimmune
(Lupus erythematosus)

Front 193

Nodular dermatitis is usually caused by _____. They can be bacterial, fungal, or ______. Nodular dermatitis can also be caused by equine ______ nodular dermatitis.

Back 193

Infection
Parasitic
Collagenolytic

Front 194

The etiology of equine collagenolytic nodular dermatitis is ______.

Back 194

Unknown
=) probably hypersensitivity rxn

Front 195

Histologically, what does equine collagenolytic nodular dermatitis look like?

Back 195

Collagen necrosis, and granulomatous inflammatory response

Front 196

Three causes of congenital defects

Back 196

1. Nutritional deficiency
2. Virus (poxvirus)
3. Genetic

Front 197

What is the disorder called when keratinocytes adhere tightly to the epidermis, and fail to shed? What causes this?

Back 197

Ichthyosis
Genetic disease

Front 198

What are the two forms of icthyosis that were described in cattle?
Which is fatal?

Back 198

1. Ichthyosis fetalis - fatal
2. Ichthyosis congenita

Front 199

What disorder causes sheets of epidermis to be shed from the skin in scales, and skin lesions become thickened and alopecic?

Back 199

Ichthyosis congenita

Front 200

Normal hyperkeratosis of the tongue is seen in what neonate?

Back 200

Foal

Front 201

What is the disorder characterized by failure of development of hair follicles, and the absence of hair where it is normally present?

Back 201

Congenital alopecia or atrichia (usually hereditary)

Front 202

What disorder is characterized by a sparse hair coat, usually accompanied by other congenital defects?

Back 202

Congenital hereditary hypotrichosis

Front 203

Congenital hypotrichosis occurs when there are what problems in 1) pigs, 2) calves, 3) sheep & cattle?

Back 203

1. In utero hog cholera infection
2. In utero BVDV infection
3. Iodine deficiency

Front 204

A type of hypotrichosis, ____ ____, is characterized by hypotrichosis and hypoplasia of hair follicles, adnexal structures, and teeth.

Back 204

Ectodermal dysplasia
(all these structures develop from same ectodermal origin)

Front 205

What disorder causes the skin to be loose and tear easily? What causes this disorder? Depending on type/severity, what other signs can you see?

Back 205

Collagen dysplasia (collagen fibers are hapharzardly arranged)
Enzyme deficiencies
Abnormal laxity of tendons and joints

Front 206

What rare disorder can occur in older cats, where the skin becomes extremely thin and fragile? How is it treated?

Back 206

Feline acquired skin fragility syndrome (FASFS)
Not treatable, attempt to repair usually makes it worse

Front 207

How does FASFS occur? What diseases is it associated with?

Back 207

Unknown pathogenesis
Diabetes mellitus
Cushing's
Liver disease (hepatic lipidosis)
Kidney disease
Use of phenytoin or progesterone

Front 208

What disorder is characterized by the failure of the epithelium, adnexa, oral cavity to completely develop? What is the etiology?

Back 208

Epitheliogeneisis Imperfecta
(Aplastic cutis)
Heritable condition or spontaneous congenital lesion

Front 209

What happens when the basement membrane is disrupted?

Back 209

Can't regenerate epithelium (disrupts epithelial cells in stratum basale)

Front 210

What is the condition in which there is excessive hair growth and may be congenital or hereditary?

Back 210

Hypertrichosis

Front 211

What virus, when infecting lamsb in utero, causes hypertrichosis?
What viruses (in cattle and hogs) is this virus similar to?

Back 211

Border Disease Virus
(Shaker Lamb Disease)

BVD (cattle)
Hog cholera (pigs)

Front 212

Hypertrichosis in sheep is also known as _____ lamb disease or _____ lamb disease. Animals with this disease ____ when affected because nervous fibers are _____.

Back 212

Shaker
Hairy
Shake
Hypomyelinated

Front 213

Continuous exposure to high temperatures in pregnant ewes can induce in utero ______ in lambs.

Back 213

Hypertrichosis

Front 214

"Acral" pertains to what parts of the body?

Back 214

Legs, toes, ears

Front 215

____ are lesions caused by self-traumatization (mainly licking).

Back 215

Acral granulomas

Front 216

Lesions that occur from acral granulomas include chronic inflammation and ____ dysplasia.

Back 216

Adnexal
(adenxal structures move deep into dermis where they don't belong)

Front 217

How do you treat lick (acral) granulomas?

Back 217

Cut them out (surgical excision)

Front 218

What is the etiology of lick (acral) granulomas?

Back 218

Unknown
(possibly peripheral neuritis causing localized sensation)

Front 219

How can acral (lick) granuloma lead to foreign body invasion and chronic inflammation?

Back 219

Licking drives keratin and hair deep into dermis - these stimulate foreign body response = chronic immune response

Front 220

How do you treat a foreign body granuloma, such as a sliver or other plant material?

Back 220

Cut it out!
Don't just pull it out

Front 221

What forms in response to a foreign body in the skin?

Back 221

Granuloma

Front 222

What are some examples of foreign bodies that can be left in the skin?

Back 222

Plant material
Suture remains
Penetrating wounds
Ruptured hair follicles (furunculosis)
Keratin/hair particle

Front 223

What is an example of ACUTE damage to the skin by UV light?

Back 223

Sunburn

Front 224

What are three examples of CHRONIC damage to skin by UV light?

Back 224

Solar dermatitis
Actinic keratosis (or dermatitis)
Neoplasia (squamous cell carcinoma)

Front 225

Sunlight directly damages _____ (what cell type) and endothelial cells.

Back 225

Keratinocytes

Front 226

UV light damages the DNA in keratinocytes by creating ____ dimers between pyrimidine bases.

Back 226

Thymidine

Front 227

When UV light makes a thymidine dimer, the damage can be repaired by an _____. But, if a cell undergoes____ before repair, the development of a neoplasia may occur.

Back 227

Enzyme
Mitosis

Front 228

UV radiation induces __ cell supressor activity, favoring _____development.

Back 228

T cell
Neoplasia

Front 229

Solar dermatitis can cause what to happen to the skin?

Back 229

Hyperkeratosis (acanthosis)
Epithelial hyperplasia
Dermal fibrosis
Invasion of dermis

Front 230

What are plaque-like growths that occur from UV light (usually on the nose, ear, lips, or eyelids)? What can these lesions later progress into?

Back 230

Keratoses
Squamous cell carcinoma

Front 231

Photo sensitization is different than actinic kerotosis because actinic kerotosis is caused by damage to DNA in keratinocytes, where photosentization is caused by_______.

Back 231

UV light absobed by molecule in the skin, and this releases energy that produces free O2 radicals. O2 radicals bind to mast cells and cause degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators.

Front 232

What does photosensitization cause damage to specifically (in the cell)?

Back 232

Cell membranes, organelles, and nuclei acids in the cell

Front 233

There are three types of photosensitization. Type one is due to the ingestion of a ______ agent. Give two plant examples.

Back 233

Photodynamic
(plants are most common source)

Buckweat
Rape
St. John's wart

Front 234

There are three types of photosensitization. Type two develops secondary to abnormal ____ metabolism which leads to increased tissue and blood levels of _____.

Back 234

Porphyrin

Front 235

Who does type two photosensitization generally affect?

Back 235

Cattle
(shorthorn, ayrshire, holstein)

Front 236

Photosensitization can be caused by the absorption or ingestion of _____ agents through the skin or the _____ system.

Back 236

Photodynamic
Circulatory

Front 237

How is type two photosensitivity caused?

Back 237

Hereditary
Lack of enzyme to break down uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin in the tissues

Front 238

Who does type one photosensitivity usually affect?

Back 238

Herbivores

Front 239

What are two examples of diseases associated with type two photosensitivity in cattle?

Back 239

1. Bovine congenital porphyria (pink tooth)
---(also pigs and cats)
2. Bovine erythrocytic photophyria

Front 240

What is the condition called that affects cattle, in which teeth and bones turn pink, and bones fluoresce under UV light?

Back 240

Bovine congenital porphyria

Front 241

Type 3 photosensitivity is also called _____ photosensitization.

Back 241

Hepatic

Front 242

Hepatic photosensitization affects the liver by impairing the hepatic secretion of _______(formed from metabolism of chlorophyll).

Back 242

Phylloerythrin

Front 243

Who is most likely affected with type 3 photosensitization?

Back 243

Herbivores

Front 244

What are some causes of type 3 photosensitization?

Back 244

1. Primary hepatocellular disease
2. Inherited hepatic defects
3. Bile duct obstruction
4. Toxic plants that cause hepatic disease --> which can lead to photosensitization

Front 245

The onset of photosensitization after exposure takes only a few ____, and the main signs are cutaneous erythema and ____.

Back 245

Hours
Edema

Front 246

________ is a mycotoxin found in rye grase that can cause hepatic damage, and subsequent photosensitization.

Back 246

Sporidesmin

Front 247

Sporidesmin causes ____ of biliary epithelium and obstructive ________. This is an example of type 3 photosensitization, so failure to excrete ______ occurs.

Back 247

Necrosis
Cholangiohepatitis
Phylloerythrin

Front 248

In sheep that ingest rye grass that is infect with the mycotoxin ______, excessive swelling of the face may occur and is known as "______ ____".

Back 248

Sporidesmin
"Swelled head"

Front 249

Ionizing radiation resembles a 2nd degree burn, so ___ may develop within the epidermis, damage to hair follicles results in ______, and damage to sebaceous glands is permanent.

Back 249

Bullae (vesicles)
Alopecia

Front 250

Damage to the MICROvasculature, after ionizing radiation, can occur up to ____ ____ after the insult.

Back 250

One year

Front 251

Name 3 irritants that can be absorbed by the body and can cause chemical injury.

Back 251

1. Mercury
2. Thallium
3. Iodine

Front 252

If you have a reaction to Nickel, you are suffering from an ___ ___ dermatitis.

Back 252

Allergic contact dermatitis

Front 253

What is the condition called in which a cat undergoes a reaction to a vaccine and develops a neoplasm?

Back 253

Feline injection site sarcoma

Front 254

The rabies virus antigen is found in vessel walls and in follicular epithelial cells. An immune reaction would then cause _____ and ______ (and possible alopecia).

Back 254

Vasculitis
Folliculitis

Front 255

Vaccines that cause feline injection site sarcoma are usually_____ (killed/MLV/live) vaccines.

Back 255

Killed

Front 256

Feline injection site sarcoma from injections as been associated with the development of a similar condition in dogs. What procedure causes this to develop in dogs?

Back 256

Microchip implantation

Front 257

Cats that have been previously vaccinated with FELV and rabies in _____-oil adjuvant have a higher incidence of FISS.

Back 257

Aluminum

Front 258

Cats previously inject with long-acting penicillin or methyprednisolone have shown a low incidence of developing _____ after a vaccination.

Back 258

Feline injection site sarcoma

Front 259

How do you treat a cat affect with feline injection site sarcoma?

Back 259

Complete excise the affected area (with big margins)

Front 260

Name three types of sarcomas seen in feline injection site sarcoma.

Back 260

1. Fibrosarcoma (usually)
2. Osteosarcoma
3. Histiocytic sarcoma
4. Neurofibrosarcoma

Front 261

Which vaccine most commonly causes FISS? Second most common?

Back 261

FeLV
Rabies

Front 262

Besides getting a vaccine injection, what else helps to cause FISS?

Back 262

Oncogenes (p53 & c-kit [&mdm-2])
Tumor supressor genes

Front 263

Certain cereal grains, such as barley and rye, contain the fungus ___ ____, which causes ergot toxicity.

Back 263

Claviceps purpurea

Front 264

The fungi, claviceps purpurea, infect the grain head, form _____ (compact fungi), and replace the seed head.

Back 264

Sclerotia

Front 265

____ are the toxic principles, most commonly ergotamine and ergonovine.

Back 265

Alkaloids

Front 266

How do ergot alkaloids cause lesions?

Back 266

Dry gangrene
They stimulate adrenergic nerves --> cause prolonged vasoconstriction, ischemia, and thrombosis of small blood vessels and capillaries

Front 267

What structures of the body are affected when gangrene attacks the body due to ergot toxicity?

Back 267

Ears, tail, feet

Front 268

___ foot is similar to ergot toxicity.

Back 268

Fescue

Front 269

Fescue foot is caused by ____ that is produced by the infection of certain strains of fescue grass with the fungus _____ ______.

Back 269

Ergovaline
Neotyphodium coenophialum

Front 270

Fescue foot can be seen in the winter, when the fungus is found in the dry ___. When pastures are ____ damaged, the incidence increases.

Back 270

Hay
Frost

Front 271

____ _____is seen when animals ingest plants with high levels of selenium or an overdose of selenium supplement.

Back 271

Selenium toxicosis

Front 272

Selenium toxicosis is sometimes associated with ____ weather.

Back 272

Dry

Front 273

How does selenium toxicosis work?

Back 273

Se replaces Sulfur-containing molecules (which modifies the structure of keratin and other protein

Front 274

Selenium toxicosis is also called ____ ____ by old-timers.

Back 274

Alkali disease

Front 275

What species of animals are most likely affected with selenium toxicosis?

Back 275

Cattle
Horses

Front 276

Name three clinical signs of selenium toxicosis.

Back 276

1. Emaciation
2. Poor quality hair coat
3. Hoof deformities
4. Sloughing of hoof
5. Partial alopecia (tail & mane)

Front 277

Vetch toxicosis occurs mainly in what two species?

Back 277

Cattle (Angus & Holstein)
Horses

Front 278

___ ___ is a legum which is cultivated for pasture, hay, and silage.

Back 278

Hairy vetch

Front 279

What are three lesions associated with vetch toxicosis?

Back 279

1. Dermatitis
2. Conjunctivitis
3. Diarrhea
4. Granulomatous inflammation in many organs (heart in cattle)

Front 280

How many weeks does it take for clinical signs of vetch toxicosis to appear?

Back 280

2-4 weeks

Front 281

What are three clinical signs of vetch toxicosis?

Back 281

1. Pruritus (itch) --> causes dermatitis and alopecia
2. Diarrhea
3. Emaciation

Front 282

_____ are epitheliotrophic DNA viruses that affect most mammals and avians. Rarely found in dogs/cats, but ____ virus has been found in cats.

Back 282

Poxviruses
Parapox (contagious ecthyma)

Front 283

How do poxviruses cause lesions?

Back 283

Invade epithelial cells, cause ischemic necrosis by invading vascular endothelial cells, and stimulate DNA replication which results in epithelial hyperplasia

Front 284

The infection of poxvirus can have a systemic or a localized affected. What is one example of systemic poxvirus? Localized?

Back 284

Systemic = monkey pox
Localized = swine pox