Ouhsc - Advanced Physics Test 1

Front 1

Is physics an exact science?

Back 1

Standard physics is an exact science requiring organization and classification of info (must be measured)

Front 2

Fundamental Units

Back 2

Length
Mass
Time

Front 3

Length (definition & unit)

Back 3

Measure of distance

Unit = meter (m)

Front 4

Mass (definition & unit)

Back 4

The amount or quantity of matter in a body & a measurement of force with which the earth attracts that body (gravity)

Unit = kilogram (kg)

Front 5

Time (definition & unit)

Back 5

Measurement of duration

Unit = seconds

Front 6

Derived Units

Back 6

- derived from fundamental units

Area, Volume, Density, Specific Gravity, Velocity

Front 7

Area (definition & unit)

Back 7

Measurement of given surface

Unit = cm2

Front 8

Volume (definition & unit)

Back 8

Measurement of the capacity of a container & is also derived from length

Unit: cubic centimeters (cc) & milliliters (mL)

Front 9

Density

Back 9

Mass/unit of volume of a substance; combo of 2 fundamental units

Unit = kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)

Front 10

Specific Gravity

Back 10

Ratio of density of a material to density of water (1.0)

Units = none

Front 11

Velocity

Back 11

Acceleration in a given direction

Unit = km/h or mph

Front 12

Mass vs Matter

Back 12

Mass = quantity of matter in an object (not weight) [kg]

Matter = anything that has mass & inertia, & occupies space

Front 13

Mass vs Weight

Back 13

Mass = constant
Weight = describes mass of an object in gravitational field; will change depending on amount of gravity

Front 14

On Earth, your weight is the....

Back 14

Force with which the Earth attracts your body

Front 15

Inertia

Back 15

- resistance of a body to changes in motion
- all matter has inertia (mass of a body is measurement of its inertia)
- quantity of inertia is directly proportional to mass

Front 16

Momentum

Back 16

- ability of a moving body to keep moving
- dependent upon: velocity of object & mass of body

Front 17

The greater the mass, the _______ (greater/less) the external force needed to change its motion

Back 17

Greater

Front 18

Force

Back 18

- that which moves or tends to move a stationary body
- when force acts upon an object over distance, energy is expended

Force = mass x acceleration (F = m x a)

Front 19

4 Basic Forces

Back 19

Gravity / Electromagnetism / Subatomic Weak Force / Strong Force

Front 20

Gravity

Back 20

The greater the mass, the greater the gravitational force on an object

Inverse square law applies to gravitational pull

Front 21

Electromagnetism

Back 21

The attraction & repulsion of electrically charged bodies

Front 22

Subatomic Weak Force

Back 22

The individual forces of the atom in the nucleus

Front 23

Strong Force

Back 23

The force which holds the nucleus together

Front 24

Energy

Back 24

- the ability to do work
- Work = force x distance

Unit of Work = Joule
J = N x m

Front 25

Kinetic Energy

Back 25

- acquired energy
- energy in motion

Front 26

Potential Energy

Back 26

- at rest; has potential to do work b/c of position or gravitational pull

PE is converted to KE when force, work, or distance is involved

Front 27

Form of Energy - Mechanical

Back 27

Action of machines or physical movement

Front 28

Form of Energy - Chemical

Back 28

Form of energy released during a chemical reaction

Front 29

Form of Energy - Thermal

Back 29

- heat; motion of atoms & molecules cause this

Front 30

Form of Energy - Nuclear

Back 30

Energy stored in nucleus of each atom

Front 31

Form of Energy - Electrical

Back 31

Result of movement of electrons

Front 32

Form of Energy - Electromagnetic

Back 32

Radiation that travels through space as a combo of electric & magnetic fields

Front 33

Energy Conversion

Back 33

- all forms of energy can be converted from 1 form to another
- the final amount of energy produced in any conversion will be less than the initial amount b/c some energy will be converted to heat

Front 34

Law of Conservation of Energy

Back 34

The sum total of all matter & energy in the universe is a constant; matter & energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from 1 form to another

E = mc2

Front 35

Converting Small Numbers to Scientific Notation

Back 35

- find 1st significant digit starting from left side of #
- place 1st sig. digit to left of decimal (all other digits to the right)
- from original #, count number of places from new decimal placement to old decimal placement

Front 36

Multiplying Scientific Notation

Back 36

Multiply numbers, add the exponents

Front 37

Dividing Scientific Notation

Back 37

Divide numbers, subtract exponents

Front 38

Metric System Mnemonic (+18 to -12)

Every Person That Gave Me Kisses Has Diarrhea
Dairy Cows Make Milk Not Paste

Back 38

Exa / Peta / Tera / Giga / Mega / Kilo / Hecto / Deka / Deci / Centi / Milli / Micro / Nano / Pico

Front 39

Converting rad to rem

Back 39

rem = rad x QF

QF: alpha = 20 / x-ray & beta = 1 / neutrons = 10

Front 40

Newton's First Law

Back 40

Objects at rest tend to stay at rest; objects in motion will stay in motion

Front 41

What allows obedience to Newton's 1st law?

Back 41

Inertia (resists changes in motion)

Amount of inertia in object measured by its mass

Front 42

Newton's Second Law

Back 42

- the more force on an object, the more it will accelerate
- the more massive an object, the more it will resist acceleration

Force = mass x acceleration (F = ma)

Front 43

Force must overcome ____________ to produce acceleration

Back 43

Inertia

4 types: gravitational, strong electromagnetic, subatomic weak force

Front 44

Newton's Third Law

Back 44

- action = reaction (when an object exerts force on another object, the 2nd object will exert an equal but opposite force)

Front 45

If ___________ and inertia are overcome, acceleration will occur

Back 45

Friction

- a backward force or pull which slows objects

Front 46

Mass is ____________ proportional to acceleration

Back 46

Inversely

An object with 2x the mass of another object will have 1/2 of the acceleration when the same force is applied

Front 47

Free Fall

Back 47

- terminal velocity is reached when the force of gravity is equal to the force of air resistance & the object no longer accelerates

Front 48

Requirements for Newton's 3rd Law

Back 48

- forces must be equal in magnitude, time, and must act in opposite direction from each other

Front 49

Law of Universal Gravitation

Back 49

- the gravitational force btw. 2 masses is proportional to the product of the mass & inversely proportional to the square of the distance btw. them

Anything that has mass has gravity

Front 50

Mass is the __________ of matter in an object and measures ___________ and ___________.

Back 50

Quantity; inertia; gravity

Front 51

Weight is the amount of ______________________ or force. It's dependent on _______________ & the _________ of the object exerting the force

Back 51

Gravitational pull; distance; mass

Front 52

Elements

Back 52

- pure forms; composed of atoms
- can't be decomposed to simpler substances by ordinary means
- simple substance

Front 53

Compounds

Back 53

- 2 or more elements chemically combined
- composed of molecules
- may be decomposed chemically
- complex substance

Front 54

Proton & Electron Mass

Back 54

Proton: 1.67 x 10^-24

Electron: 9.11 x 10^-28

Front 55

Atomic Number

Back 55

- Z number
- determined by the number of protons in nucleus

Front 56

Mass Number

Back 56

- determined by the number of protons & neutrons within nucleus

Front 57

Isotopes

Back 57

- atoms of the same element that have same number of protons but different number of neutrons (same atomic #, diff. mass #)

Front 58

Nuclides

Back 58

- atoms containing a specific number of protons (atomic #) and neutrons (mass #)

Front 59

Vertical columns on periodic table represent...

Back 59

Elements w/ similar chemical properties (GROUPS)

Front 60

Horizontal rows on periodic table represent...

Back 60

Elements having same # of electron shells but different chemical properties (PERIODS)

Front 61

Valence

Back 61

- combining ability of elements; element's ability to share electrons w/ other elements
- Octet rule (max # of electrons in outer shell)

Front 62

Ionic Bonds

Back 62

- orbital electrons are 'given' from 1 atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions that strongly attract each other

Front 63

Covalent Bonds

Back 63

- orbital electrons are shared by combining atoms
- shared electron orbits both atoms
- polar bonds: 1 side of atom is slightly negative & other side slightly positive

Front 64

Ions

Back 64

- atoms having greater or fewer electrons than their neutral form
- affects charge

Front 65

Ionization

Back 65

- occurs when electron is added or removed from energy shell through...exposure to x or gamma rays or electron stream / radioactive decay / light exposure / chemical rxn / thermionic emission

Front 66

Particulate Ionizing Radiation - Alpha

Back 66

- originate from nuclei of heavy elements
- low penetration through air & tissue
- QF = 20

Front 67

Particulate Ionizing Radiation - Beta

Back 67

- originate in nuclei of radioactive atoms
- low penetration through air & tissue
- QF = 1

Front 68

Electromagnetic Ionizing Radiation - Cosmic Rays

Back 68

- originate from nuclear rxns occurring on Sun & other stars
- high energy = 10^24 Hz

Front 69

Electromagnetic Ionizing Radiation - Gamma & X rays

Back 69

- gamme: originate from nucleus of radioisotope (alpha or beta emission)
- x rays originate outside nucleus in electron shell

Front 70

Photons or Quanta

Back 70

- x=ray or gamma rays
- bundle of energy
- behave as wave or particle
- travel @ speed of light = 186,000 miles/sec

Front 71

Relationship btw. velocity, frequency, & wavelength

Back 71

- velocity of electromagnetic energy is equal to speed of light (c)

C = frequency (v) x wavelength

Frequency & wavelength are inversely proportional

Front 72

12 Properties of X-rays

Back 72

Highly penetrating, invisible rays / electrically neutral not affected by electric or magnetic fields / produced over wide energies & wavelengths / release small amt of heat / travel in straight lines / travel @ speed of light / can ionize matter / cause crystal fluorescence / can't be focused by lens / affects photo film / produces chemical & biological changes in matter / produces secondary/scatter radiation

Front 73

Eletrostatics

Back 73

- branch of science that deal w/ stationary or resting charges (2 types: positive & negative)

Front 74

Law 1 of Electrostatics

Back 74

- charge interactions (like repel, opposites attract)
- occurs as a result of flux lines

Front 75

Lines of Force (LoF)

Back 75

- flux lines
- from positive charge, LoF emanate outward
- from negative charge, LoF emanate inward
^^ what causes them to attract

Front 76

Law 2 of Electrostatics

Back 76

- electrostatic force btw 2 charged bodies is directly proportional to the product of their quantities
- electrostatic force btw 2 charged bodies is inversely proportional to the square of the distance btw them
- relates to law of universal gravitation

f1 x f2 / d^2 = force of attraction

Front 77

Law 3 of Electrostatics

Back 77

Electric charges resides only on the external surface of conductors

Front 78

Law 4 of Electrostatics

Back 78

Only NEGATIVE charges can move in a solid conductor

Front 79

Law 5 of Electrostatics

Back 79

The concentration of charges on a curved surface is greatest where curve is greatest (why we don't want a curved x-ray tube)

Front 80

Electrification by Friction

Back 80

- simplest method
- allows for removal of electrons from one object by rubbing it w/ another

Front 81

Electrification by Contact

Back 81

- when an object charged by friction touches an uncharged object
- electrons move to uncharged object so that it will obtain same charge
ex. rubbing balloon on sweater, hold it up to long hair

Front 82

Electrification by Induction

Back 82

- force can be exerted on another charged body in the electric field (area surrounding charged body)
- uncharged metallic objects have a shift in electrons in direction of opposite charge when brought to electric field (temporary shift)

Front 83

Grounding

Back 83

- connected to Earth by conductor
- Earth = infinite source of electrons (can move to a charged object attached to a ground)
- KNOW physics' symbol for ground

Front 84

Grounding can make an electrification by induction ____________ (not permanent / semi-permanent / permanent)

Back 84

Semi-permanent (dependent on degree of insulation [material that blocks mvmt of electrons] of object from contact w/ free electrons)

Front 85

Static Discharge

Back 85

- electrons that have built up on a surface jump across an air space b/c of potential energy diff.
- a part of electrostatics and electrodynamics

Front 86

Electrodynamics

Back 86

- science of electric charges in motion
- i.e. current electricity
- when there's a potential energy diff, charges drift through a conductor

Front 87

Batteries

Back 87

- convert chemical energy to electrical energym
- dry vs. wet cels

Front 88

Generators

Back 88

- convert mechanical energy to electrical energy

Front 89

What are the basic components of a simple circuit?

Back 89

Source, condcutor, resistor

Like the 3 circuit factors (potential diff, current, resistance)

Front 90

Electromotive Force (EMF)

Back 90

- maximum potential diff between 2 points
- not a force; quantity of work or energy needed to move an electron thru a circuit

unit = volt (unit of potential diff which causes 1 unit of current to flow thru 1 unite of reistance)

Front 91

Current

Back 91

- amount of charge (electrons) flowing per second

unit = ampere

Front 92

Can voltage exist without current?

Back 92

Yes

Measurement btw 2 diff points on conductor

Front 93

Can current exist without voltage?

Back 93

No

Measurement of flowing electrons

Front 94

Resistance

Back 94

- property of a circuit which hinders current flow (constricts flow, doesn't slow it down)
- w/ increased resistance (and friction), heat is produced

Front 95

Factors Affecting Resistance

Back 95

- good conductor (ex. Copper)
- length of conductor (proportional)
- cross-section of material (as diameter increases, resistance decrease)

Front 96

Conductivity

Back 96

- ease w/ which electrons can move on or through a material
3 types --> conductors (metal wire, insulators, semiconductors)

Front 97

Ohm's Law

Back 97

V = I R

Current = amperes (I) [quantity of charge]
Potential diff = volts (V)
Resistance = oh

Front 98

Voltmeter

Back 98

- measures the potential diff between any 2 points in a circuit (MUST BE CONNECTED PARALLEL)

Front 99

Ammeters

Back 99

- measures quantity of current flowing per sec
- must be placed in SERIES

Front 100

Series Circuits

Back 100

- parts arranged end to end, allows current to pass through them consecutively
- CURRENT IS ALWAYS CONSTANT IN A SERIES CIRCUIT)

Front 101

Parallel Circuits

Back 101

- individual circuits w/ 1 source of charge
- voltage supplied equally to each branch / resistance is inversely prop. to sum of each individual resistance / current is determined by teh resistance of each branch & total current is sum of individual branches

Front 102

Parallel Circuit Resistance Equation

Back 102

1 / Rt = 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3 .....