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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define disease.
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Any abnormal change in the function or structure within the body
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Define pathology
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Pathology is concerned with the sequence of events that leads from the cause of the disease to abnormalities and ultimately to manifestations.
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What are the three classifications of diseases?
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Structural, Acquired/Inflammatory, Functional.
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-What kind of disease is a Structural Disease?
-What kind of changes occur with a Structural Disease? |
-Organic diseases
-Involve physical and biochemical changes within the cell |
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Give some examples of a Structural Disease.
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Examples include infective diseases, toxic diseases, allergic diseases, autoimmune.
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What is an Acquired/Inflammatory Disease?
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Diseases caused by internal or external agents that destroy cells or cause the body to injure itself by means of inflammatory processes.
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Give some examples of an Acquired/Inflammatory Diseases.
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Examples include infective diseases, toxic diseases, allergic diseases, autoimmune.
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What is a Functional Disease?
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Function of the organ is impaired, but structural elements are unchanged.
The basic change is a physiologic or functional one and is referred to as pathophysiologic change. These begin without the presence of lesions (unlike the structural where a lesion is present). (Lots of metal illnesses fall under this disorder), such as those diseases triggered by psychological factors. |
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Give some examples of a Functional Disease.
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Examples include tension headaches and functional bowel syndrome
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How many bones are in the human body?
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206 bones
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What are the two classifications of bone?
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Axial and Appendicular
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-How many bones are classified under Axial?
-How many under Appendicular? |
Axial Bones: 80
Appendicular: 126 |
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What are the five classifications of bone and give an example of each classification
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-Long: Femur
-Short: Carpals -Flat: Parietal -Irregular: Vertebrae -Sesamoid: Patella and or sesamoids |
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What are the five functions of the skeletal system?
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-Support: Body skeleton support body tissue
-Protection: Skeleton protects a lot of internal structures/organs -Movement: Levers and muscles are the applied force for these levers -Production of blood cells: Red bone marrow manufactures new blood cells. (Avg life span of RBC’s 120 days) -Storage: Important mineral salts (such as calcium) |
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What are the five layers of bone?
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Periosteum, Cortical, Cancellous, Medullary cavity, Endosteum.
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Describe each of the layers of the bone.
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1) Periosteum – two layers.
-Outer is made up of dense, fibrous tissue -Inner is made up of osteoblasts (build) [think of the B’s, blast=build] 2)Cortical -Aka Compact -Is dense, closely knit bone 3) Cancellous -Aka Spongy -Porous, loosely knit bone with a honeycomb appearance 4)Medullary cavity -Aka marrow cavity -Open canal that runs down the center of the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones and contains the bone marrow 5) Endosteum -Lines the medullary cavity |
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What cells are responsible for bone growth?
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1) Osteoblasts
-Reside in inner layer of periosteum -mechanisms of bone growth 2) Osteoclasts -Reside in the endosteum -associated with resorption and removal of bone |
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What are the three regions of growth in bone?
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1) Diaphysis
-Long section of the long bones -Made up of cortical bone (dense structure) -Contains marrow within the medullary canal 2) Epiphysis -Round end of the long bones -Main contact point for joints 3) Metaphysis -Section of growing bone at either end of diaphysis -Located between diaphysis and epiphysis -Contains the physis, aka epiphyseal growth plate -Remains cartilaginous during childhood/adolescence -Completely ossifies by age 18-25 |
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What are the three classifications of joints?
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Synarthroidal, Amphiarthroidal, and Diarthroidal.
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What are Synarthroidal joints also known as? Are they movable?
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-Fibrous joints
-Immovable |
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-Describe Synarthroidal joints.
-Give an example |
-Layer of fibrous tissue between two bones; later in life, tissue atrophies and dies, fusing the two bones together
-Example: Sutures in the skull |
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What are Amphiarthrodial joints also known as? Are they movable?
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-Cartilaginous
-Slightly movable |
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-Describe Amphiarthrodial joints.
-Give an example |
-Have cartilage on bone ends; between the two ends is a disc made of cartilage and fibrous tissue
-Example: Intervertebral disk spaces |
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What are Diarthrodial joints also known as? Are they movable?
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-Aka Synovial
-Freely movable |
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Describe Diarthrodial joints.
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-Have a space between the ends of bones; bones are held together by a capsule
-Joints get their name from fluid found in joint space |
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What are the six types of Diarthroidal joints?
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Gliding, Hinge, Condylar, Saddle, Pivot, Ball and socket.
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-Describe Gliding joints
-Give an example |
-Plane joints. Superior and inferior facets that come together. Flat surface and glide over each other
-Example is Vertabrae -Helps us with twisting |
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Describe a Hinge joint and give an example
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-Allow for angular motion in one direction. Can not go side-to-side
-Example is elbow |
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Describe a Condylar joint and give an example.
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Aka Ellipsoidal. Head-shaped bone that fits into concave surface. Allows for motions of flexion, extension, ab- and ad- and circumduction
-Example is wrist or metacarpophylangeal joints |
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Describe a Saddle joint and give an example.
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One bone end that is convex, which fits into concave bone end. Allows for motion similar to condylar joint
-Example is thumb |
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Describe a Pivot joint and give an example.
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Head of one bone is surrounded by ring of cartilage so there can be rotation
-Example is C1/C2 (Dens) |
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Describe a Ball and Socket joint and give an example.
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Head-shaped bone end that fits into a cup-shaped socket
-Example is hip |
