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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Illusory Correlation is. . . |
an apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated or weakly related events. (People see what they expect to see)
Ex: Sugar makes kids hyper Observation after kid eats sugar expecting them to behave hyper actively. |
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What is an Experiment? |
a study in which the investigator manipulates at least one variable while measuring at least one other variable. |
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What is an Independent Variable? |
An item (or factor) that an experiment changes or controls. |
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What is a Dependent Variable? |
An item that an experiment measures to determine how it was affected. |
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An Experiment Group is. . . |
A group that receives the treatment that an experiment is designed to test. |
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A Control Group is. . . |
A set of individuals treated in the same way as the experimental group except for the procedure that the experiment is designed to test. |
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What is a Random Assignment? |
The experimenter uses a chance procedure to make sure that every participant has the same probability as any other participant of being assigned to a given group. |
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Why Random Assignment? |
Creates equivalent groups while allowing no other factors affect the experiment. |
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1900s Definition of Psychology |
"Study of behavior" |
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Psychology's definition changed overtime to. . . |
"Scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of individuals." |
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Psychology's Goals are. . . |
Description Explanation Prediction Control |
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Goal of Description. |
What is happening? |
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Goal of Explanation. |
Why is it happening? |
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Goal of Prediction. |
When will it happen again? |
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Goal of Control. |
How can it be changed? |
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Describe "Folk Psychology" |
Trying to explain people's feelings and actions. |
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Hindsight Bias is. . . |
The tendency to believe, after learning the outcome (that one would have seen it coming all along) "I knew-it-all-along theory" |
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How does psychology differ from common sense? (common sense side) |
For most common sense notions, there is an "equally-sounding" notion that says just the opposite. |
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How does psychology differ from common sense? (psychological side) |
Psychological researchers collect systematic data to try to improve upon common sense. |
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3 Philosophical questions that motivate psychologists? |
-Free Will vs. Determinism -The Mind-Brain Problem -The Nature - Nurture Issue. |
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What is Determinism? |
The assumption that everything that happens, has a cause or determinant in the observable world. "Everything we do has a cause/motive/reason" |
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What is Free Will? |
The belief that behavior is caused by a person's independent decisions. |
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"When you have the conscious experience of "deciding" to move a finger, the behavior is already starting to happen." - |
Daniel Wegner |
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The Mind-Brain Problem is. . . |
The philosophical question of how experience is related to the brain. |
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Dualism is. . . |
The mind is separate from the brain, but somehow it controls the brain and therefore the rest of the body. |
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Monism is. . . |
The view that conscious experience is inseparable from the physical brain. |
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Wilhem Wundt |
Known as the "Father of psychology" -He set up first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany -Interested in the components of experience. -Asked subjects to "Introspect" aka (look within themselves) |
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Structuralism is. . . |
The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind. |
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Introspection is. . . |
Subjective observation of one's own experience. |
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William James |
Founder of American Psychology Focused on the actions of the mind |
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Functionalism is. . . |
The study of the purpose that mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment |
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What is a Theory? |
Statement about the casual relation between two or more variables. |
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What is the difference between science and other human endeavors? |
Scientists agree on how to evaluate theories. |
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What is a Hypothesis? |
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. (Scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable) |
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Psychologists use different ways to test their. . . |
Hypotheses |
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Operation Definition is. . . |
a definition that specifies the procedures used to produce or measure something. |
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Three Descriptive Methods are. . . |
Surveys, Case Studies and Naturalistic Observations. |
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Naturalistic Observation is. . . |
A method of gathering scientific knowledge by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments. |
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Case Study (Method) Pros: Cons: |
A descriptive research method that involves intensive observation AND analysis of one individual. Pros: rich data source Cons: vulnerable to biases |
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What is a Survey? |
A study of the prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors based on people's response to specific questions. |
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What is a Population? |
Entire group in which the researcher desires to learn about. |
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What is a Sample? |
This is a smaller group of people who actually participate in the research experiment. |
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Representative Sample is. . . |
A sample that is approximately the same as the population. |
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Random Sample is. . . |
Where everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected. |
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Sampling Error occurs when. . . |
Those selected may be different than those not selected. |
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Non-Response Error occurs when. . . |
Not everyone who is randomly selected will participate. |
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Correlation is. . . |
A measure of the relationship between two variables. |
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Correlational Studies are. . . |
Procedures in which investigators measure the correlation (relationship) between two variables without controlling either of them. |
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Correlation Coefficient is. . . |
A mathematical estimate of the relationship between two variables. |
