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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What antibody is good at agglutination?
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IgM is better than IgG
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What antibody is better at hemolyzing red cells?
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IgM is better than IgG
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Something that only reacts on immediate spin?
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Cold antibody
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What does a negative gel test look like?
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Cells in a button t the bottom of the microtube
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What does a positive gel test look like?
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Cells spread in varying degrees through the microtube
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What does a negative solid phase test look like?
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Cells in a button at the bottom of the microplate, because the indicator cells don't bind to the test RBC's on the microplate wall
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What does a positive solid phase test look like?
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Have cells spread in a carpet all along the microplate wall
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Indirect antiglobulin test?
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Uncoated red cells + antibody + AHG
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Direct antiglobulin test?
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Washed patient red cells + AHG
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What neutralizes ABO?
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Saliva (secretor)
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What neutralizes Lewis?
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Saliva (secretor for Lewis B)
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What neutralies P1
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Hydatid cyst fluid, Pigeon egg fluid
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What neutralizes Sd?
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Urine
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What neutralizes Chido, Rogers
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Serum
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Facts about warm reactive antibodies (5)
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IgG
Require Exposure Cause HDN Cause HTRs Significant |
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Facts about cold reactive antibodies (5)
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IgM
Naturally occuring No HDN No HTRs Insignificant ABO IS THE HUGE EXCEPTION |
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Type 1 ABO chains?
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Glycoproteins
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Type 2 ABO Chains?
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Glycosphingolipids
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What gene allows a person to make A or B antigens in their saliva?
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Secretor gene (chr 19)
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The Se gene codes for what enzyme?
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fucosyltransferase (FUT2)
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Action of FUT2 on type 1 chains?
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Adds fucose to terminal galactose, H antigen on type I chains
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What does the H gene do?
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It's product adds fucose to terminal galactose of type II chains, which is the type II H Antigen
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Enzyme enhanced?
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ABO, Rh, KIdd
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Enzyme decreased?
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MNS, Duffy
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Enzyme unaffected?
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Kell
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Where are type I chains found?
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In secretions
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Where are type II chains found?
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Bound to cells
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What is the group A sugar added to the H antigen?
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N-acetylgalactosamine
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What is the group B sugar added to the H antigen?
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Galactose
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What are the relative amounts of H by blood group?
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O > A2 > B > A1 > A1B
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What agglutinates cells with abundant H antigen?
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Lectin of Ulex europaeus
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What lectin agglutinates A1?
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Dolichos biflorus
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What lectin has specificity for the N blood group?
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Vicea graminea
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What is the difference between A1 and A2 blood groups?
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A1 has 4 times more A antigen
Small % of A2 form anti-A1 |
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The antibodies in blood group O individuals are different how?
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Predominately IgG, not IgM like other groups.
IgG can cross the placenta, HDN in group O moms. |
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Most common cause of HDN?
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ABO.. not Rh
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When is acquired B phenotype seen?
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In contact with enteric gram negatives: colon cancer, intestinal obstruction, gram negative sepsis
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How does forward grouping and reverse grouping look like with acquired B phenotype?
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Forward: Anti-A 4+, Anti B 1-2+
Reverse: A1 cells - 0, B cells 4+ They are true blood group A |
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Pathophysiology of acquired B?
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Bacteria deacetylate GalNac exposing galactosamine, which cross reacts with reagent anti-B
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Lewis acts on what chains?
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Type I chains
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How is Lewis A made?
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Adds fucose to subterminal GlcNAc
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How is Lewis B made?
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The SE gene and Lewis gene compete. Secretor gene adds fucose, making H, and lewis gene adds its fucose.
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If your type I chain is acted by on by the lewis gene before the Se gene, what do you get?
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Lewis A, no H
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If your type I chain is acted on by the lewis gene AFTER the se gene, what do you get?
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Lewis B and H antigen
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Patients who are Se and Le type what for lewis A and B?
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Lewis a-b+ because the secretor gene is much better at adding its fucose
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Do lewis a- b+ patients make anti-lewis A
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No! they still have a small amount, they have the gene to make lewis A but are also secretors and make H first---lewis B
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Only people to make anti-lewis antibodies?
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a-b- patients
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Pregnancy has what effect on Lewis?
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Patients may become a-b- and have transient insignificant lewis antibodies
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What is the relationship of H. pylori to the lewis blood group?
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It may attach via the Lewis b antigen
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Auto-Anti-I association?
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Mycoplasma, cold agglutinin disease
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Auto-Anti-i association
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EBV
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What is the parvovirus B19 receptor?
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the P antigen
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Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria is associated with what blood group?
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Biphasic IgG with anti-P specificity
Classically associated with viral infections in children and syphilis (Donath Landsteiner biphasic hemolysin) Bind cold, hemolyse warm |
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R1?
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DCe
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R2
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DcE
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R0
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Dce
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Rz
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DCE
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r'
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dCe
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r"
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dcE
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r (wiener)
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dce
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r^y
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dCE
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Frequency of Rh in whites and blacks?
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Whites: R1>r>R2>R0
Blacks: R0>r>R1>R2 |
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Weak D testing requirements?
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All D negative blood donors
Not required for D negative recipients |
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Anti D in a D-positive person?
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Partial D
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Only patients who definitely need weak D testing?
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D-negative babies with D-negative moms (apparent)
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Fact: Roughly 80% of people will make an anti-D after 1 unit
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Just a fact to know.
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Red cells that are really D positive that don't agglutinate?
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Weak D
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Which is more common Jka or b?
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A is slightly more common
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What is unique about the IgG in Kidd abs?
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Good at fixing compliment
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Facts about Kidd (3)
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Delayed HTRs (flashlight in eyes)
Anamnestic response Mild HDFN |
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What carries M and N antigen?
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Glycophorin A
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What carries S s and U antigens?
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Glycophorin B
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what is more common s or S?
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little s
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Anti M and anti N , cold or warm?
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cold
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Anti S s and U, cold or warm
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warm, significant, IgG, exposure
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African americans are more likely to have what duffy phenotype?
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a-b- in 68%
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Duffy a-b- have what protection?
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vivax and knowlesi malaria infection
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K antigen expression in whites and AA?
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9% whites, 2% blacks
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What is the most common non-abo antibody after anti-D
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Anti-K
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