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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Etiological categories of fractures (4)
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Local trauma
Transmitted force (ex-fall) Penetrating trauma (ex-gun shot) Pathological fracture (ex-osteoporosis related) |
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Fractures: pathological processes (4)
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Hemorrhage
Necrosis Edema Soft tissue injury |
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Injuries associated with fracture (5)
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Nerve
Vessel Viscera Tendon Muscle |
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Factors that determine fracture type (3)
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Energy absorbed
Direction of force Age |
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Fracture Patterns (2)
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Spiral fracture (from twisting force, less force needed)
Transverse fracture (from transverse force, more force needed) |
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Fracture Symptoms
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Pain
Loss of Function Swelling Discolouration Neural deficit (ex-radial nerve palsy after distal humaral fracture) |
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Fracture Signs
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Crepitis
Tenderness Deformation Reduced ROM |
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Fracture Classification (5)
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open vs closed
intra vs extra-articular type (transverse, oblique, spiral) epiphyseal vs metaphyseal vs diaphyseal Comminuted vs non-comminuted |
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Phases of fracture healing
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Inflammation/Hemorrhage (10%)
Reparative/proliferative (40%) Remodellng (70%) |
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Fracture healing: modifying factors (5)
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Age
Initial trauma Associated injuries Treatment Complications |
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Fracture Healing: Hematoma Phase
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Hematoma around bone
Intramedullary hemorrhage Necrosis at bone ends Days to weeks |
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Fracture Healing: Proliferative phase
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New bone from periosteum (most), endosteum, cortex
Callus formation Weeks to months |
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Fracture healing: remodelling
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Trabecular formation and realignment
Wolff's Law Months to Years |
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Fracture Treatment: Objectives (4)
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Union
Avoidance of complications Minimization of deformity Restoration of function |
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Fracture Treatment: Principles
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Reduction (traction and manipulation)
Immobilization Rehabilitation |
