Orgo Lab Final

Front 1

carcinogens

Back 1

cancer-causing agents

Front 2

mutagens

Back 2

cause mutations/changes in the genetic material

Front 3

lachrymators

Back 3

cause tearing and intense eye irritation

Front 4

corrosive

Back 4

can cause visible destruction of skin and clothing

Front 5

toxic

Back 5

causes sickness or death when ingested or absorbed

Front 6

melting point

Back 6

the temperature at which a solid transforms into a liquid

Front 7

melting point range

Back 7

the interval between the temperature at which a solid sample just beings to turn to liquid and the temperature at which the entire sample becomes liquid

Front 8

phase transitition

Back 8

when a material changes from one physical state of matter to another physical state

Front 9

Electromagnetic Radiation from lowest to highest

Back 9

Gamma

X-Rays

Ultra Violet

Visible Light (ROYGBIV)

Infrared

Microwaves

Radio Waves

Front 10

Purpose of IR spectroscopy

Back 10

to identify the functional groups present in molecules

Front 11

Purpose of Recrystallization

Back 11

purify solid organic materials

Front 12

4 conditions of recrystallization

Back 12

1) Has a low solubility at low temps

2) Has a high solubility at high temps

3) Does not react with the compound

4) Has a relatively low BP for easy evaporation <120

Front 13

partition

Back 13

the distribution of material between two or more phases

Front 14

Polarity of bonds from least to most

Back 14

covalent < polar covalent < ionic

Front 15

Polarity of intermolecular forces from least to most

Back 15

London dispersion forces < dipole-dipole < hydrogen bonding < ionic

Front 16

Purpose of Column Chromatography

Back 16

To purify solids

Front 17

Chromatography

Back 17

a technique in which compounds in a mixture are separated based on differing affinities between a mobile phase and a stationary phase

Front 18

elution

Back 18

the removal or exit of a compound from the stationary phase

Front 19

What does Rf indicate

Back 19

The purity of a substance

Front 20

chiral

Back 20

a material which is not superimposable on its mirror image

Front 21

chirality center (sterocenter)

Back 21

a tetrahedral atom having four different groups attached

Front 22

Cahn-Ingold Prelog system

Back 22

a system of prioritization of groups around a carbon center, placement of the lowest priority in the back, then sequencing of the remaining group

Front 23

enantiomers

Back 23

a pair of non-superimposable mirror images

Front 24

diastereomers

Back 24

stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another

Front 25

meso

Back 25

a compound with 2 or more chirality centers that is achiral due to presence of an internal plane or point of reflective symmetry

Front 26

achiral

Back 26

superimposable on its mirror image

Front 27

stereoisomers

Back 27

2 or more molecules with the same empirical formula, and the same atomic connectivity but different spatial orientations

Front 28

constitutional isomers

Back 28

2 or more molecules with the same empirical formula but different atomic connectivity

(the two compounds will have different names)

Front 29

Plane polarized light

Back 29

electromagnetic radiation in which the orientation of the electric fields are perfectly aligned

Front 30

Optically active

Back 30

Chiral

A material which will rotate plane polarized light

Front 31

specific rotation

Back 31

a fixed physical property describing the rotation of plane polarized light by a chiral compound

Front 32

observed rotation

Back 32

the experimentally obtained rotation of a compound

Front 33

racemic mixtures

Back 33

equal parts of two enantiomers

Front 34

volatile

Back 34

easily converted into a gas;

evaporating rapidly

Front 35

retention time

Back 35

time between the injection of a sample and the middle of when the sample reaches the detector

(measured between the start mark and the top of a peak)

Front 36

refractive index

Back 36

the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in a sample

Front 37

refractometer

Back 37

instrument used to measure the refractive index of a compound

Front 38

theoretical plate

Back 38

one cycle of evaporation and condensation in a ditillation

Front 39

refulux

Back 39

the process whereby liquid continuously boil in a lower portion of a distillation apparatus, the vapors rise then condense and drop back down

Front 40

distillation

Back 40

a process whereby the vapor above a heated liquid is collected, condensed and separated away from the bulk liquid

Front 41

boiling point

Back 41

the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure on that liquid

Front 42

azeotope

Back 42

a mixture of liquids that distills at a constant temperature without changing composition

(eg. 95.5% ethanol, 4.5% water)

Front 43

dew point curve

Back 43

the top line of a distillation graph that determines the composition of the vapor over the liquid

Front 44

boiling point curve

Back 44

the bottom line of a distillation graph that determines the boiling point of a solution depending on its composition

Front 45

decanting

Back 45

the process of pouring off a liquid and leaving a solid or sediment behind

Front 46

emulsion

Back 46

one liquid held in a suspension within another liquid

Front 47

The purpose of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in the Caffeine Lab

Back 47

Na2CO3 is a base that deprotonates the phenolic OH of tannins, rendering the compounds anionic and hence highly soluble in water but with a low solubility in the methylene chloride

Front 48

Methylene chloride (CH2Cl2)

(dichloromethane)

Back 48

a halogenated organic solvent that is used in the liquid-liquid extraction portion of the experiment

Front 49

The purpose of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) in the caffeine experiment

Back 49

a drying agent which binds with water and removes it from a liquid

Front 50

SN1

Back 50

Substitution Nucleophilic First Oder

Front 51

nucleophile

Back 51

an atom or assemblage of atoms which will donate electrons to form a newcovalent bond

Front 52

electrophile

Back 52

an atom which will accept electrons and form a new covalent bond

Front 53

Qualitative Analysis

Back 53

a test or series of test which gives indications about a materials' identity or constituents

Front 54

The effect on the melting point of adding an insoluble impurity such as sand to a compound

Back 54

No change

Front 55

The effect on the melting point of adding an impurity to a compound

Back 55

Lower and broader

Front 56

The purpose of adding sodium chloride (NaCl) to the centrifuge tube while extracting the caffeine

Back 56

to help break down the emulsions between aqueous and CH2Cl2 layer

Front 57

What is the meaning of flammable?

Back 57

Which has a flash point below 100 degrees Fahrenheit

Front 58

When do you stop heating while doing fractional distillation

Back 58

When about 1/10 of the liquid remains inside the round bottom flask

Front 59

Organic solvents are much _______ than aqueous solvents

Back 59

less polar

Front 60

What would have happened if you would have added sodium hydroxide in place of sodium bicarbonate at the first step of extraction

Back 60

the sodium hydroxide (NaOH is a strong base) would have reacted with all of the MTBE, therefore you would not be able to separate the substances.

Front 61

The effect of directly placing the hot reaction tube after dissolving the compound into an ice-water bath

Back 61

Purity decreases, percent recovery increases

Front 62

What would have happened if we added MTBE in place of heptane at the first step

Back 62

No separation would have occured

Front 63

Which compound from the TLC/Column Experiment had the least Rf value and why?

Back 63

Acetylferrocene because it was more polar

Front 64

The order of the compound that elutes first depending on the Rf value

Back 64

The compound with the higher Rf value will elute first

Front 65

What is the mobile phase in Gas chromatography

Back 65

Nitrogen

Front 66

The lower the boiling point the ____ the retention period

Back 66

Shorter

Front 67

The higher the boiling point the _____ the retention time

Back 67

Longer

Front 68

Raising the temperature of the column will do what to the retention time of the compounds?

Back 68

Decrease the retention time

Front 69

In the separation of acidic substances experiment, what was expected to be present in the organic layer after extractions with NaHCO3

Back 69

2-naphthol

Front 70

Why was HCl used instead of NaCl for the transformation of 2-methyl-2-butanol into 2-chloro-2-methylbutane

Back 70

The H+ is needed to convert OH- into a much better leaving group

Front 71

What determines the purity of the recovered matter of a TLC experiment

Back 71

Number of spots

Front 72

During the caffeine lab, if a large excess of drying agent (Na2SO4) is used to dry the organic liquid, what would happen to the percent recovery and purity

Back 72

Percent recovery decreases

Purity remains unchanged

Front 73

During the caffeine lab, what would have contributed to an artificial increase in the percent recovery of caffeine

Back 73

Water condenses on the watch glass during the final isolation step

Front 74

During the caffeine lab, what would have contributed to an artificial decrease in the percent recovery of caffeine

Back 74

1) The strings and the bag are weighed along with the tea

2) Caffeine maintains a partial solubility in water and the liquid-liquid extraction is not optimal

Front 75

Formula for calculating specific rotation

Back 75

(observed rotation)/ (concentration g/ml) * length in dm

1 dm= 10 cm