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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cells |
Make up all living things |
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Tissue |
A group of specialised cells with a similar structure and function |
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Organs |
Formed from a number of different tissues working together to perform a certain function |
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What makes up an enzyme |
Amino acids |
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Enzyme structure |
Substrate binds with active site |
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Active site |
A region of an enzyme that binds to protein or other substance during a reaction |
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Activation energy |
The energy required to start a reaction |
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Enzyme substrate complex |
Temporary molecule formed when an enzyme comes into perfect contact with its substrate |
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Lock and key hypothesis |
The shape of the active site matches the shape of its substrate molecules so enzymes are highly specific |
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Glucose food test |
Benedict’s reagent- turns brick red |
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Starch food test |
Iodine-turns blue/black |
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Protein food test |
Biuriet-turns purple |
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Lipids food test |
Emulsion test-cloudy layer will show up |
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Catalyst |
A substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change |
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Substrate |
The substance on which the enzyme acts |
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Enzyme |
A biological catalyst which changes the rate of reaction |
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Denaturing |
When an enzyme’s active site loses its important shape and no longer can form an enzyme substrate complex |
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Effect of ph on enzyme |
Optimum ph=maximum activity |
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Effect of temp on enzyme |
Higehr temp =higher rate of reaction |
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Wffect of enzyyme conc on enzymes |
More colllisions =higher rate of reaction |
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Effect of substrate concentration on enzymes |
Substrate conc= higher ror |
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Inhibitor conc effect on enzyme |
Slow down a bit |
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Who discovered the presence of digestive enzymes |
William Prout |
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Bile functions |
Emulsify lipids, neutralise stomach acid in the intestine |
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Carbohydrase made in |
The mouth |
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Carbohydrase ph |
7.4 |
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Carbohydrase breaks down… |
Carbohydrates |
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Protease acts on |
Proteins |
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Bile made and stored |
Liver stored in gallblader |
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Protease produced in |
Stomach, pancrease and small intestine |
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Lipase produced in |
Pancrease and small intestine |
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Lipase produces |
Glycerol and fatty acids |
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Optimal ph lipase |
5-8 |
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Protease optimal ph |
7 |
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Tissue |
A group of connected cells in an animal or plant that are similar to each other and have the same function |
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Digestive system function and how organs work together |
Stomach-begins digestion if proteins Small intestine-completes digestion of lipids and carbohydrates Large intestine-absorbs water of undigested food |
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How small intestine is adapted |
Villi-increase the surface area and allows absorption to take place faster and more efficiently Short diffusion distance-wall of villus is only 1 cell thick |
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Epithelial tissue |
Covers body surfaces and lines the cavities and organs |
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Epithelial tissue |
Covers body surfaces and lines the cavities and organs |
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Connective tissue |
Supports and binds other tissues to organs |
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Connective tissue |
Supports and binds other tissues to organs |
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Muscle tissue |
Contracts and produces movement |
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Double circulation |
The mechanism with which blood is circulated 2 times around the heart in one complete cycle |
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What is coronary heart disease |
Oxygen cannot pass through the coronary arteries to the heart as they get blocked up |
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What is coronary heart disease |
Oxygen cannot pass through the coronary arteries to the heart as they get blocked up |
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What can happen if you get Coronary heart disease |
Heart attack |
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Where are the peacemaker cells found |
Right atrium |
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Electronic peacemaker |
Electronic device which is implanted surgically to act in place of the heart’s natural peacemaker |
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Pathway of a RBC to be oxygenated |
In through vena cava, goes into right atrium, right ventricle, out through pulmonary arteries then to the lungs where it gets oxygenated then bring oxygenated blood back to heart through left atrium&ventricle. |
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Pathway of a RBC to be oxygenated |
In through vena cava, goes into right atrium, right ventricle, out through pulmonary arteries then to the lungs where it gets oxygenated then bring oxygenated blood back to heart through left atrium&ventricle. |
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Septum |
The bit in the middle of the heart |
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Effects of a poor diet, smoking, alcohol and a lack of exercise on health |
Obesity, diabetes, poor cardiovascular strength |
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Causation vs correlation |
Causation is something being due to something else, correlation is they are related events |
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Risk factor |
Lifestyle choices which can impact a person’s chances of getting a disease |
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Causes of cancer |
Smoking, viruses, overweight/obesity |
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Causes of cancer |
Smoking, viruses, overweight/obesity |
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Malignant tumour |
Grows faster, spreads to other parts of the body and invades cells and organs. |
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Benign tumours |
Has distinct, smooth, regular borders and does not spread to other parts of the body |
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How substances get into and out of the capillaries |
By diffusion |
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Vein function |
Carries blood towards the heart |
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Artery adaptations |
Thick muscular wall to withstand blood flowing at high pressures as it leaves the heart |
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Proportion of plasma in the blood |
55% |
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Vein function |
Carries blood towards the heart |
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Capillary function |
Allows diffusion if gases and nutrients from blood into the body cells |
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Artery adaptations |
Thick muscular wall to withstand blood flowing at high pressures as it leaves the heart |
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Vein adaptations |
Contains valves to prevent back flow of blood |
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Capillary adaptations |
Walls made of semi-permeable membrane to allow transport of gasses and nutrients into and out of the blood |
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Proportion of plasma in the blood |
55% |
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Proportion of platelets in the blood |
4% |
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Proportion of white blood cells in the blood |
1% |
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Proportion of red blood cells in the blood |
45% |
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Platelets |
Tiny fragments of cells which help to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged and influence the immune response |
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Platelets |
Tiny fragments of cells which help to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged and influence the immune response |
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White blood cells |
Cellular component in the body which helps defend the body against infection |
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Plasma function |
Transports nutrients, hormones and proteins around the body Removes waste from the body Prevents coagulation of blood |
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Red blood cells function |
Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from your tissues |
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Transpiration |
When the plant opens its stomata to let in carbon dioxide, water on the surface of the cells evaporates and diffuses out of the leaf |
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Translocation |
The movement of amino acids and sucrose around a plant(dissolved material) |
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Xylem adaptations |
Become strengthened by lignin Have thick cell walls to support the plant Lose their walls to form a continuous hollow tube |
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Phloem adaptations |
Sieve tubes have no nuclei to create room for movement of materials Companion cells have nuclei and other organelles to provide energy for transport |
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Stomata |
Tiny openings or pores in plant tissue that allow for gas exchange |
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How do stomata open and close |
Upon receiving water the guard cell swells and becomes turgid, so the stomatal pore is opened as a result. The guard cell shrinks and becomes stiff at night as the roots absorb less water so consequently the stomatal pores close |
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Meristems |
A region in plant shoots and roots in which cells are dividing and so are undergoing mitosis |
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Specialised cells |
Cells which have become differentiated to carry out a particular function |
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Leaf adaptations |
Large surface area- for maximum absorption of light Air spaces between cells within the leaf- for diffusion of gases |
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Structure of a leaf |
Back (Definition) |
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Spongy mesophyll |
Plant tissue in leaf |
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Spongy mesophyll adaptations |
Loosely packed cells and air spaces between them to allow gas exchange |
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Function of epidermal tissue |
Regulate the exchange of gases through stomata Reduce the rate of transpiration due to cuticularisation of the outer layer |
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Function of mesophyll tissue |
Main tissue found in leaves so aids photosynthesis |
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Vascular tissue function |
Responsible for the transport of water, minerals and products of photosynthesis throughout the plant |
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Function of meristem tissue |
Produce unspecialised cells that have the potential to become specialised |
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Factors affecting the rate of transpiration |
Temp- increases it Humidity- decreases it Air movement- increases it Light intensity- decreases it |
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Meristem tissue adaptations |
Can be resorted Can be reprogrammed to form different types of plant cells |
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Mesophyll tissue adaptations |
Stomata on leaf underside to allow gas exchange Waxy cuticle covers all aerial surfaces of land plants to minimise water loss |
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Meristem tissue adaptations |
Can be resorted Can be reprogrammed to form different types of plant cells |
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Vascular tissue adaptations |
As the plant grows, new vascular tissues differentiate in it’s growing tips and is aligned with existing vascular tissue which maintains its connection throughout the plant |
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Mesophyll tissue adaptations |
Stomata on leaf underside to allow gas exchange Waxy cuticle covers all aerial surfaces of land plants to minimise water loss |
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Epidermal tissue adaptations |
Thick cuticle to protect against water loss Chloroplasts to aid in gas exchange Development of hairs to discourage predation |
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Roots |
Take up water and nutrients from the soil through osmosis Keep the plant steady and upright in the soil |
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Roots function |
Take up water and nutrients from the soil through osmosis Keep the plant steady and upright in the soil |
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Stem function |
Carries water and nutrients to different parts of the plant(translocation I think) |
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Leaves function |
Use light from the sun along with CO2 and water to produce energy for the plant(photosynthesis) |
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Flowers function |
Produced seeds which allow for reproduction Produce pollen which bees transport |
