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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Whst is stronger. Sigma or pi bond? What orbitals are each? Pi vs signs Rotation Straight Stability Reactivity Big molecules are ___ than small molecules |
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Hybridization Def How to determine? |
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Angle and name for sp,sp2, 3, 3d, 3d2. And shape? |
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Electronegativity Trend H,c .. most and least, What's a dipole moment |
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Energy ( break and form bonds) Heat of combustion Coordinate covalent bonds |
Break is released. Energy when formed |
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Examples that break octet rule Valance Formal charge equation |
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Ester vs ether |
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Alkoxy Alkyl Aldedyhe |
O-R alkoxy |
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Gem |
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Mesyl |
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Hydrazine Vinyl Allyl Nitryl |
H2NNH2 C=C C=C-C N=_H |
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Exsposode |
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Acyl Aliphatic Sulphone Hemiacetal |
R - C=O C-c-c-c O=S=O R - o -c- oh |
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Iupac nomenclature 1-10 |
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Isomer def Predict isomer formula (formula) Conformational Structural
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Steroisomers Enantiomers vs diasteromers Chirality R and S. How figure out? Relative configuration ? |
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Relative configuration Rotation of plane polarized light Clockwise vs counterclockwise |
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Enatiomers -r v s - polarized light rotation? - ? |
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Diasteromers E/z Cis vs trans Steric hinderance Epimers and anomers |
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Base Nucliophoke Electrofile Leaving group |
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E1, e2, sn1, sn2 |
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E1, e2, sn1, sn2 Step number, order, carbocation formed, methyl shift, steriochemkstry , favored by |
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Alkane (chain leght/branching) Melting and boiling trends Lights
Ring strain? Axial vs equatorial |
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Combustion formula General concept of radicals |
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Syn and anti addition. Molecule responsible for this? |
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Alkene Nueckiphiles? Stability? ( subs) Alkynes Benzene cs phenyl |
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Alcahols Nomenclature (like icuap) Melting and boiling? Hydrogen bonding species? Alchohol acidity increases with? |
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Oxidation of an alcohol Primary, secondary, 3 degree Common oxidation agents |
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Reduction synthesis LiAlH4 vs NaBH4 Pinacol rearrangement |
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Dehydration of alchohol Favored in hot vs cold. Concentrated vs dulte Grignard synthesis |
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Ethers Definition Properties Most acts as an ? |
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Epoxies |
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Electronegativity in sn2 and sn1 predictions |
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Electron donating and withdrawing groups Which determines which? |
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Sn1 sn2, e1 e2 mechanism |
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Acidity Why steric hinderance favors bases Why steric hinderance favors bases Why steric hinderance favors bases |
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Electropholocity Predicting the product 1. Carbocation 2. Steric hinderance 3. Count the carbons |
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How IR spectroscopy works? Vibration Frequency determined by 2? Absorbance if C=0 Oh Ch Carboxil oh Anime Amide Nitrile ( c=-N) |
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How Uv spectroscopy works? 1 bond 2 or 3 bind Conjugate system? Graph is blank vs blank? |
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Mass spect How it works? Parent peak vs base peak |
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Nuclear magnetic resonance (c-nmr) Peaks Spin spin splitting? Area under peak? Absorbance range means? Shielding? |
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CNMR and graph look? Dif in spin and integration Absorbance range? C-c C-o C=c C=O |
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Extraction purpose of two compounds? Separation depends on? How it works? |
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Improving separation techniques ? 4? 3 things to avoid. Y? |
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Gravity filtration Vacuum filtration ? Distillation? - simple and fractured? - vacume distillation? |
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Chromatography What is it? 2 phases? First substance out is? Rf<1 vs 1<
Paper chromo ? |
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Column, ion, and affinity chromo? And gas? |
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Christalization work? Well? |
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Carbonyl function group? Def? Properties (compare to alkene?) 5 key features ? Hint: (charge, alpha, eltrons, hinderane, aterochemisty) |
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Importance of alpha hydrogen? Acidity of alpha |
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Aldehydes and ketones Definition Nomenclature Some common names? Solubility and boiling point trends? H bonds ? |
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General chatectinces if aldehyde/ketone Major function? Sub vs addition ? |
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Keto-enol tautomerization |
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Acetals/hemiacetals and ketals/hemiketals formation. 4 steps and mechanism |
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Protecting ketones and aldehydes Halogenation if aldehydes or ketones |
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Aldol condensation 3? Word of caution? |
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a-B unsaturated carbonyl ( how to turn carbonyl to alchohol ) |
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Carboxylic acid Def Nomenclature- common Physical properties (boil and solubility) |
COOH |
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Carboxylic acid 3 gen properties Nicleopholic attack of carbonyls Decarboxilation ? Esterification (pic is later) |
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Acid chloride Def Nomenclature Formation and 3 main carboxylic acids Most reactive to what? |
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Anhydrides Def Nomenclature Properties |
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Amides Def Nomenclature Stability? How does resonance limit rotation? |
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Esters ? Def Nomenclature Properties Transesterfication Saponification |
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Acetoacetic ester synthesis Forms what from what? 3 steps? Inorganic esters? |
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Substitution of acid derivative? Mechanism and leaving groups? Stability if carboxylic acid derivatives? 5 |
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Amines ? Def? Base or nucleophile? Depends on was what? Basicity? Nomenclature? |
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Synthesis if alkyl amines? Gabriel synthesis? |
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Reduction synthesis of amines? Main two agents ? Nitro Nitrile Imines Amides |
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Addition of amines to carbonyls? 3 steps Primary Seci dart Tertiary? |
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Easterification |
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Acedic and formic acid |
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