Introduction
Some esters are used as food flavourings, while other esters are used as fragrances. Esters are a functional group in organic chemistry. They are characterized by a carbon bound to three other atoms: a single bond to a carbon, a double bond to an oxygen, and a single bond to an oxygen (Clark, 2004). The single bond oxygen is bonded to another carbon. Esters can be produced through various synthetic routes. Since, esters are produced from mixing carboxylic acids and alcohols, they can synthesized artificially in labs. One possible way to synthesized esters is to react an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. The purpose of this lab was to observe the synthesis of esters and identify the odor of each ester synthesized. The procedure to …show more content…
A polar molecule is formed when a molecule have a positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the opposite end. This creates electrical poles in the molecule. These partial charges can be attracted to partial charges of other molecules to form hydrogen bonds, which give water its special properties (Molecules, 2015). This is the essential foundation of polarity. Carboxylic acids are polar molecules they are able to dissolve in polar solvents; such as, water. Hence, carboxylic acids are soluble in water. On the other hand, esters are not soluble in water. An evidence of this is that esters are virtually insoluble in water and tend to form a thin layer on the surface (Clark, 2004). Due to the, excess acid and alcohol both dissolve and are tucked safely away under the ester layer (Clark, 2004). In terms of molecular structure of the esters can be both soluble and insoluble. The small esters are fairly soluble in water but solubility falls with chain length. The reason for the solubility is that although esters cannot hydrogen bond with themselves, they can hydrogen bond with water molecules (ChemGuide, 2004). Due to slightly positive hydrogen atoms in a water molecule can be adequately bond to any of the lone pairs the oxygen atoms in an ester, a hydrogen bond to will made (ChemGuide, 2004). Also, dispersion forces and dipole-dipole attractions among the ester and the water molecules will be present (ChemGuide, 2004). Developing these attractions gives out energy. This advantages to give the energy wanted to detached water molecule from water molecule and ester molecule from ester molecule before they can combine (ChemGuide, 2004). As chain measurements rise, the hydrocarbon portions of the ester molecules begin to get in the way. By forcefully putting themselves between water molecules (ChemGuide, 2004). This will break the relatively strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules without
Some esters are used as food flavourings, while other esters are used as fragrances. Esters are a functional group in organic chemistry. They are characterized by a carbon bound to three other atoms: a single bond to a carbon, a double bond to an oxygen, and a single bond to an oxygen (Clark, 2004). The single bond oxygen is bonded to another carbon. Esters can be produced through various synthetic routes. Since, esters are produced from mixing carboxylic acids and alcohols, they can synthesized artificially in labs. One possible way to synthesized esters is to react an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. The purpose of this lab was to observe the synthesis of esters and identify the odor of each ester synthesized. The procedure to …show more content…
A polar molecule is formed when a molecule have a positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the opposite end. This creates electrical poles in the molecule. These partial charges can be attracted to partial charges of other molecules to form hydrogen bonds, which give water its special properties (Molecules, 2015). This is the essential foundation of polarity. Carboxylic acids are polar molecules they are able to dissolve in polar solvents; such as, water. Hence, carboxylic acids are soluble in water. On the other hand, esters are not soluble in water. An evidence of this is that esters are virtually insoluble in water and tend to form a thin layer on the surface (Clark, 2004). Due to the, excess acid and alcohol both dissolve and are tucked safely away under the ester layer (Clark, 2004). In terms of molecular structure of the esters can be both soluble and insoluble. The small esters are fairly soluble in water but solubility falls with chain length. The reason for the solubility is that although esters cannot hydrogen bond with themselves, they can hydrogen bond with water molecules (ChemGuide, 2004). Due to slightly positive hydrogen atoms in a water molecule can be adequately bond to any of the lone pairs the oxygen atoms in an ester, a hydrogen bond to will made (ChemGuide, 2004). Also, dispersion forces and dipole-dipole attractions among the ester and the water molecules will be present (ChemGuide, 2004). Developing these attractions gives out energy. This advantages to give the energy wanted to detached water molecule from water molecule and ester molecule from ester molecule before they can combine (ChemGuide, 2004). As chain measurements rise, the hydrocarbon portions of the ester molecules begin to get in the way. By forcefully putting themselves between water molecules (ChemGuide, 2004). This will break the relatively strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules without