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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What pentose sugar is present in RNA?
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ribose
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What pentose sugar is present in DNA?
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deoxyribose
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What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
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nitrogen base, sugar, phosphate group
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Give examples of hexose monosaccharide monomers.
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Glucose, fructose, galactose are all examples of six-carbon monosaccharides monomers.
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Give examples of pentose monosaccharide monomers.
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Xylose, and ribose are two common examples of 5-carbon monosaccharide monomers.
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From what monomers are proteins composed?
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Amino acids
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Of what monomers are Triglyceride lipids composed?
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Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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What is another name for a fat?
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Lipid
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What is another name for a lipid?
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Fat
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How is a disaccharide formed?
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by the union of two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis
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That is anabolism?
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Anabolism is the building up of organic compounds by joining monomers together via dehydration synthesis.
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What is another name of dehydration synthesis?
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Condensation
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What is a polymer?
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a chain of monomers.
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The the four major macromolecules.
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1. carbohydrates
2. lipids 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids |
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What is catabolism (catabolic reactions)?
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Used to break down large molecules into smaller molecules (monomers) by the addition of one water molecule at each bonding side
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What is another name for catabolism?
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Hydrolysis
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What is removed at each bonding site during dehydration synthesis reactions?
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one water molecule
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What substances are required for all dehydration synthesis (anabolic reactions) and all hydrolysis (catabolism) reactions?
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enzymes
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When looking at a list of words, how could you easily pick out those that are sugars?
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by looking for an -ose ending
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When looking at a list of words, how could you easily pick out those that are enzymes?
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by looking for an -ose ending
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Give four functions of carbohydrates.
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1. quick fuel source
2. short-term energy storage 3. structure to organisms 4. cell to cell recognition |
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What are 5-carbon sugars called?
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Pentoses
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What are 6-carbon sugars called?
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Hexoses
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What 5-carbon sugar is found in DNA and RNA?
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Ribose
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Of what are disaccharides composed?
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Two monosaccharides
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What are double sugars called?
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Disaccharides
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Sucrose is a disaccharide composed on which two monosaccharides?
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glucose & frustose
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Lactose is a disaccharide composed on which two monosaccharides?
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galactose & glucose
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Maltose is a disaccharide composed on which two monosaccharides?
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glucose & glucose
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List 3 common polysaccharides found in animals.
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1. glycogen
2. chitin 3. mucopolysaccharides |
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Name four common polysaccharides found in plants.
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1. starch
2. cellulose 3. hemicellulose 4. pectin |
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Which plant polysaccharides is simpler than cellulose, but more complex than sugar and is used in paper making?
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Hemicellulose
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Which plant polysaccharides helps join plants cells together?
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pectin
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What is the basic difference between a fat and an oil?
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An oil is liquid and room temperature and a fat is solid.
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List four examples of lipids that we study in this course.
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1. triglycerides
2. phospholipids 3. waxes 4. steroids |
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One glycerol and three fatty acids make up what substance?
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A triglyceride
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All lipids are composed of what two types of fatty acids?
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Saturated and unsaturated
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How could you identify a saturated fat from an empirical formula?
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All of the available bonds would be filled in hydrogen.
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Meat, poultry, and whole-milk dairy products are high in what type of fat?
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Saturated fats
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Name three saturated fats from plant sources.
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1. coconut
2. palm kernel 3. palm oils |
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What is meant by the term unsaturated fat?
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At least one bonding site is not filled with hydrogen.
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What is mean by the term polyunsaturated fat?
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More than one bonding site is not filled with hydrogens.
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What is one of the best commonly used unsaturated oils that is considered quite healthy?
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Olive oil
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Safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean oil, and fish oils are all examples of what types of fats?
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Polyunsaturated
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What are the monomers that make up proteins?
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Amino acids
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What is formed when two amino acids are linked through dehydration synthesis?
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A dipeptide
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What is it called when many amino acids are linked together?
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A polypeptide
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What is the bond called between two amino acids?
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A peptide bond
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When a sufficiently large number of amino acids are linked together (usually in excess of 1,000), what is it called?
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A protein
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Every amino acids is composed of three basic structural parts. What are they?
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an amino group on one side of the molecule, a carboxyl group on the other side, and an "R"
group (side group) |
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What specifically makes each amino acid different?
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Each has a unique "R" group
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In lecture I grouped proteins into two major groups. What are they?
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Structural proteins and functional proteins
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What are functional proteins?
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functional proteins
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What is the energy of activation?
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the amount of energy required to get two substances to react with one another
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What do enzymes do to the energy of activation.
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Enzymes lower the energy of activation so that chemical reactions can occur rapidly at body temperature.
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Why is molecular shape so important?
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Molecular shape determines if a molecule with be able to carry out the chemical reaction for which its shape is designed.
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What is denaturation?
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the "warping" of an enzyme (changing its shape) so that it can no longer react with other molecules correctly.
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What would the enzyme be called that produces sucrose?
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Sucrase
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Name four ways that enzymes can be deactivated.
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1. incorrect pH
2. incorrect temperature 3. heavy metal contamination 4. competitive inhibitors |
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What are all of these? Mercury, lead, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, silver, zinc and tin?
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Heavy metals
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Name the two nucleic acids.
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DNA and RNA
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What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
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1. phosphate group
2. nitrogen base 3. sugar |
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What is one vitamin that the body can synthesize in the presence of sunlight?
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Vitamin D
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What is the metabolic role of many vitamins?
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They help speed up chemical reactions in the body
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Free radicals are produced in the body and can cause damage to cells. What substances help to get rid of these compounds?
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Antioxidants (free radicals have incomplete outer electron shells and thus oxidize (remove electrons) from other molecules.
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In humans, what are the two critical buffering agents that helps to maintain proper pH balance in the body?
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carbonic acid and bicarbonate (base)
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What is a buffer?
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a substance that takes up or releases hydrogen ions into solution as the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution changes.
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From what two substances is carbonic acid made?
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carbon dioxide and water
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What is the normal pH range that must be maintained in humans?
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7.0 to 7.8 If the blood pH falls to 6.8, or rises to 8.0 death is eminent.
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Holding one's breath causes the of what to rise in the blood?
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carbon dioxide
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During cellular operation some proteins could have an incorrect folding. How does the cell correct these misshaped proteins?
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Chaperone proteins work to refold the proteins into their correct 3-dimensional shapes.
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What sugar is present in DNA?
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deoxyribose
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What sugar is present in RNA?
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ribose
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What is the fundamental molecular difference between DNA and RNA?
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one oxygen atom
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During which decade did Watson and Crick make their discovery?
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1950's
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From what three elements are all carbohydrates formed?
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C, H, N
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If you are given a molecular formula which has has C,H,O present; how could you tell if it is actually a carbohydrate?
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there will be a 2 to 1 ration between hydrogen and oxygen.
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What polysaccharide is used in automobiles?
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rubber in tires
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