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63 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
alkene happens at 180*C
dehydration of alcohol
hydrate an alkene
alcohol
alcohol + 140*C
form an ether
compounds with two OH groups
diols
compounds with three OH groups
triols
common name: ethylene glycol
1,2 ethanediol
antifreeze
common name: glycerol
1,2,3 propanetriol
compounds with an -O- atom between two carbons?
ether
name the groups attached to the -O- atom in alpha order
cyclic ethers
organic solvents
THF, Dioxane, Ethylene oxide
THF
tetrahydrofuran
THF

tetrahydrofuron
Dioxane

cyclic ether
ethylene oxide

cyclic ether/organic solvents
physical properties of ethers
-lower boiling points < OH (no H bonds)
-unreactive; used as solvents
-participate in combustion & halogenation rxns only
steric hindrance
2* and 3* alcohols do not form ethers when heated with acid catalyst due to the substituents repelling for intermolecular dehydration to occur
is an alcohol with a short carbon chain (3 or less) soluble? And if so, what in?
yes, in water.
Phenols are weak acids but more acidic than what?
alcohols

...are less polar than phenols.
Thiols
instead of an OH group, SH group attached; add thiol to parent chain

-distinct odors
Oxidize a thiol
form a disulfide

R----S---S---R
hydrogenate a disulfide bond
2R-----SH
Name this compound
ethanethiol
ethylphenalether
glycerol
ethyleneglycol
Oxidizing agents for alkenes
MnO4
Jones Reagent CrO3 in H2SO4
Cr2O72-
oxidized alkylbenzene forms what?
benzoic acid
acidityofalcohols
Alcohol Nomenclature
Cyclic alcohol nomenclature
Steps of dehydration of alcohol
Reactivity of alcohols
Oxidation
gain of oxygens or loss of hydrogens
Oxidation of alkene
to an alcohol, aldehyde or carboxylic acid
Aldehydes can reduce to 1* alcohols and ketones to 2* alcohols
Mechanism of hydride reduction
1. Hydride ion to carbonyl carbon
2. H+ ion to carbonyl oxygen
Reduce both carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen double bonds
catalytic hydrogenation
only carbon - oxygen double bonds
hydride reduction
hemiactel
has an OH group on top of an OR to a carbon atom
Acetal
A hemiacetal
Cyclichemiacetal
Acetal
Aldehyde + alcohol
or
ketone + alcohol
form hemiacetals and acetals
For a hemi - the H of the OH adds to the carbonyl carbon and OR group adds to carbonyl
Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
Boiling points lower than OHs
Accept hydrogen bonds
-cannot hydrogen bond with each other
polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones
carbohydrates
enantiomer
stereoisomers that are mirror images
stereoisomerism
possible from the presence of single chiral carbon
2 to the N is the max number of stereoisomerisms per chiral carbons
monosaccharide classification
3 carbons - triose
4 carbons - tetrose
5 carbons - pentose
6 carbons - hexose
d-glucose
d-ribose
glyceraldehyde
fischer projection
ribose
glucose 6 phosphate
beta d - glucose
hawthorth drawing
aldotetrose
beta d galactose
carbonyl group
chiral carbon example
stereoisomerisms of chiral carbons
erythrose
glyceraldehyde
ketopentose
xylitol

artificial sweetener