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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an alkane? |
Single bond, saturated |
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What is an Alkene? |
Double bond, unsaturated |
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What is an alkyne? |
A triple bond, unsaturated |
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Properties of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes |
1) Are non-polar and therefore insoluble in water 2) Are less-dense than water so float 3) Can dissolve non-polar substances 4) Do not conduct heat or electricity because of lack of free-moving ions or electrons 5) As the number of carbon chain increases, the BP increases 6) Low mP and bP because of weak inter-molecular forces |
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What is an isomer? |
Same molecular formula, different arrangement of atoms |
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What is a geometric isomer |
Can form when there is a double bond (to prevent free rotation) and there are different atoms joined to the carbon atoms |
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What is a structural isomer |
Different ways of drawing the same formula |
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What is cis |
Top left and top right or bottom left bottom right |
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What is trans |
Top left, bottom right or opposite |
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What are all the types of reactions that alkenes can undergo? |
Combustion Substitution |
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How do you make a haloalkane? |
A substitution reaction between an alkane and a halogen is called a haloalkane |
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Prefix for halogen bromine |
Bromo |
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What is needed for substitution reactions to continue? |
Additional UV light and sufficient reactants, substitution reactions can continue. |
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What is a substitution reaction? |
When something is added and is substituted or switched with one of the H's on the main molecule. For example - cl-cl is added, and switches with an h to become HCL ect |
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What is the prefix for chlorine |
Chloro |
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What is the prefix for fluorine |
Fluoro |
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What is the prefix for iodine |
Iodo |
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What is the prefix for chlorine |
Chloro |
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In haloalkanes what is primary |
If there is one c bonded to the group |
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In haloalkanes what is secondary |
2 carbons bonded to the group |
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In haloalkanes, what is tertiary? |
3 carbons bonded to the group |
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What reactions can alkenes go under |
Addition |
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What is an addition reaction |
When the double bond of an Alkene is broken and 2 new atoms are added |
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What are the 3 types of addition reactions for alkenes |
Hydrogenation Halogenation Hydration |
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What is hydrogenation |
Hydrogen gas is added to an Alkene to form an alkane |
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What is halogenation |
A halogen is added to an Alkene to form a haloalkane (can also occur with a hydrogen halide (hcl hbr)) |
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What is hydration? |
Water vapour is added to an Alkene to form an alcohol (high pressure/ high temps is needed) |
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What is markounikov's rule? |
During an addition reaction, the hydrogen atom preferentially bonds to the carbon atom bonded to the highest number of existing hydrocarbons |
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What is a haloalkane? |
An alkane bonded to one or more halogens |
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What are the reactions that haloalkanes can undergo? |
Substitution with hydroxide ions. Substitution with conc ammonia nh3. Elimination |
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What is the substitution of a haloalkane to make an alcohol? |
Haloalkane reacts with hydroxide ions (from aqueous NaOH or KOH) and the halogen is substituted with OH- to form an alcohol |
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What are the reactions that haloalkanes can undergo? |
Substitution with hydroxide ions. Substitution with conc ammonia nh3. Elimination |
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What is the substitution reaction of a haloalkane to form an amine? |
Haloalkanes react with concentrated ammonia (NH3). The halogen is substituted with NH2 to form an anime. |
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What is the substitution of a haloalkane to make an alcohol? |
Haloalkane reacts with hydroxide ions (from aqueous NaOH or KOH) and the halogen is substituted with OH- to form an alcohol |
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What is the elimination reaction of haloalkane? |
Haloalkanes lose a halogen atom and hydrogen atom from neighbouring carbons to form an Alkene. |
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Front (Term) What is saytzeff's rule? |
When more than one elimination product is possible, the hydrogen is preferentially lost from the carbon with the least number of hydrogens are already bonded wha |
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What is a polymer? |
Large molecules made up of many small repeating units called monomers |
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What is a polymer? |
Large molecules made up of many small repeating units called monomers |
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What is polymerisation |
The process by which monomers bond covalently to one another to form polymers |
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Alkane + X >>x>> X |
Halogen, UV light, haloalkane |
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Alkane + X >>x>> X |
Halogen, UV light, haloalkane |
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Alkane + halogen >>x>> x |
Uv light and haloalkane |
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Alkane + X >>x>> X |
Halogen, UV light, haloalkane |
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Alkane + halogen >>x>> x |
Uv light and haloalkane |
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Haloalkanes + X >>>x>> amine |
Conc amonia and pressure |
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Alkane + X >>x>> X |
Halogen, UV light, haloalkane |
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Alkane + halogen >>x>> x |
Uv light and haloalkane |
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Haloalkanes + X >>>x>> amine |
Conc amonia and pressure |
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Haloalkane + x >>> alcohol |
Aq NaOH or aq KOH |
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Alkane + X >>x>> X |
Halogen, UV light, haloalkane |
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Alkane + halogen >>x>> x |
Uv light and haloalkane |
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Haloalkanes + X >>>x>> amine |
Conc amonia and pressure |
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Haloalkane + x >>> alcohol |
Aq NaOH or aq KOH |
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X + KOH/NaOH (aq) >>> alcohol |
Haloalkane |
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Alkane + X >>x>> X |
Halogen, UV light, haloalkane |
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Alkane + halogen >>x>> x |
Uv light and haloalkane |
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Haloalkanes + X >>>x>> amine |
Conc amonia and pressure |
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Haloalkane + x >>> alcohol |
Aq NaOH or aq KOH |
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X + KOH/NaOH (aq) >>> alcohol |
Haloalkane |
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Haloalkane >>>> Alkene |
Elimination of halogen + H |
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Alkene + x >>>> haloalkane |
Halogen |
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Alkene + x >>>> haloalkane |
Halogen |
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H20 + Alkene >x>>> x |
Heat and H2/H+ alcohol |
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Alkene + x >>>> haloalkane |
Halogen |
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H20 + Alkene >x>>> x |
Heat and H2/H+ alcohol |
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X + Alkene >>x>> alkane |
H2 and Pt |
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Alkene + x >>>> haloalkane |
Halogen |
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H20 + Alkene >x>>> x |
Heat and H2/H+ alcohol |
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X + Alkene >>x>> alkane |
H2 and Pt |
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Alkene >>x>> diol |
Acidified Mn04- (purple to cls) Non - acidified Mn04- (purple to brown |
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Alkene + x >>>> haloalkane |
Halogen |
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H20 + Alkene >x>>> x |
Heat and H2/H+ alcohol |
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X + Alkene >>x>> alkane |
H2 and Pt |
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Alkene >>x>> alkane (not hydration) |
Mn04- |
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Alcohol + x >> carboxylic acid |
Mn04-/H+ or Cr2O72- |
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Alcohol + permanganate >> x |
Purple to cls, CA |
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Alcohol + x >>>> haloalkane |
PCl3 |
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Alcohol + x >>>> haloalkane |
PCl3 |
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Alcohol + x >x>>> Alkene |
Elimination of OH and H, conc H2 SO4 and heat |
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CA reactions |
Acid + base, metal, carbonate |
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🤙🏼 Bromine water |
Will discolour Alkenes/ alkynes quick from orange to cls, alkanes slowly and with uv light |
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🤙🏼 Bromine water |
Will discolour Alkenes/ alkynes quick from orange to cls, alkanes slowly and with uv light |
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🤙🏼 Solubility |
Alkenes/alkanes not soluble, small alcohols and amines are |
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🤙🏼 Bromine water |
Will discolour Alkenes/ alkynes quick from orange to cls, alkanes slowly and with uv light |
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🤙🏼 Solubility |
Alkenes/alkanes not soluble, small alcohols and amines are |
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🤙🏼 how to find an alcohol |
Acidified dichromate or heated permanganate. Orange to green,,, purple to cls OR,,, PCL3 PCl5, SOCl2 turns into haloalkane |
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How to find an Alkenes without br2 or water |
Potassium permanganate,,, tests for double bond |
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🤙🏼How to test for carboxylic acids |
UI or Litmus Mg or Zn Carbonate Vinegar smell Acidification potassium permanganate |
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🤙🏼test for amines |
Litmus paper OR UI Small ones are soluble React with acid to salt Fishy smell |
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Alkene + Mn04- >>>> X |
Diol Purple to brown |
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Alkene + Mn04- >>>> X |
Diol Purple to brown |
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Mn04-/H+ + Alkene>>> |
Diol Purple to colourless |
