Oral Radiology - Pano - Diagram Landmarks

Front 1

1

Back 1

• Mastoid Process of the temporal bone
• Located posterior and inferior to the TMJ
• Appears as a rounded radiopacity

Front 2

2

Back 2

• Styloid Process
• Extends inferior to the temporal bone, just anterior to the mastoid process
• Appears as a long, narrow radiopaque spine

Front 3

3

Back 3

• External Auditory meatus
• Round opening in the temporal bone, anterior and superior to the mastoid process
• Appears as a round radiolucency

Front 4

4

Back 4

• Glenoid Fossa (mandibular fossa)
• Concave, dpressed area of the temporal bone located anterior to the external auditory meatus; where the mandibular condyle rests
• Appears as a concavity superior to the mandibular condyle

Front 5

5

Back 5

• Articular eminence
• rounded projection of the temporal bone just anterior to the glenoid fossa
• Appears as a rounded radoiopaque projection anterior to the glenoid fossa

Front 6

6

Back 6

• Lateral pterygoid plate
• Winglike bony projection of the sphenoid bone located posterior to the maxillary tuberosity
• Appears as a wing-like radiopaque bony projection

Front 7

7

Back 7

• Maxillary tuberosity
• rounded prominence distal to the third molar region
• Appears as a radiopegue rounded prominence

Front 8

8

Back 8

• Infraorbital foramen
• A small rounded opening in the maxilla
• Appears as a round radiolucency inferior to the border of the orbit

Front 9

9

Back 9

• Orbit
• The bony cavity of the eye socket
• Appears as a large round radiolucency with radiopaque border superior to the maxillary sinuses

Front 10

10

Back 10

• Incisive canal (nasopalatine canal)
• A Y-shaped passageway that extends from the floor of the nose to the hard palate lingual to the central incisals
• Appears as a tunnel-like radiolucency with radiopaque borders

Front 11

11

Back 11

• Incisive foramen (nasopalatine foramen)
• An opening in the bone located in the anterior midline of the hard palate directly posterior to the maxillary central incisors
• Appears as a round or oval radolucency between the roots of the maxillary centrral incisors

Front 12

12

Back 12

• Anterior nasal spine
• A pointed bony projection of the maxilla located at the most anterior point of the floor of the nasal cavity
• Appears as a V-shaped radiopacity located at the intersection of the floor of the nasal cavity and the nasal septum

Front 13

13

Back 13

• Nasal cavity
• A pear-shaped compartment of bone located superior to the maxilla
• Appears as a large radiolucency above the maxillary incisors

Front 14

14

Back 14

• Nasal septum
• A vertical bony wall that separates the right and left nasal fossae
• Appears as a vertical radiopacity that divides the nasal cavity into two parts

Front 15

15

Back 15

• Hard palate
• a bony wall that separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
• Appears as a horizontal thick radiopaque band superior to the maxillary teeth

Front 16

16

Back 16

• Maxillary Sinus
• Two paired concavities located within the maxilla apical to the maxillary posterior teeth
• Appears as two paired radiolucent concavities

Front 17

17

Back 17

• Zygomatic Process of the maxilla
• A bony process of the maxilla that extends laterally to articulate with the zygoma
• Appears as a J- or U-shaped radiopacity located apically to the maxillary first molar

Front 18

18

Back 18

• Zygoma (zygomatic arch)
• The cheekbone that articulates with the zygomatic process of the maxilla
• Appears as a thick radiopaque band that extends posteriorly from the zygomatic process of the maxilla

Front 19

19

Back 19

• Hamulus (hamular process
• A process of bone that extends downward and slightly backward from the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
• Appears as a very small radiopaque hook-like process

Front 20

20

Back 20

• Pterygomaxillary fissure

Front 21

21

Back 21

• Floor of the maxillary sinus

Front 22

1

Back 22

• Mandibular condyle

Front 23

2

Back 23

• Mandibular/coronoid notch

Front 24

3

Back 24

• Coronoid process

Front 25

4

Back 25

• Mandibular foramen

Front 26

5

Back 26

• Lingula

Front 27

6

Back 27

• S ubmandibular fossa

Front 28

7

Back 28

• Mandibular canal

Front 29

8

Back 29

• Mental foramen

Front 30

9

Back 30

• Mental ridge

Front 31

10

Back 31

• Mental fossa

Front 32

11

Back 32

• Lingual foramen

Front 33

12

Back 33

• Genial tubercles

Front 34

13

Back 34

• Inferior border of the mandible

Front 35

14

Back 35

• Mylohyoid ridge

Front 36

15

Back 36

• Internal oblique ridge

Front 37

16

Back 37

• Angle of the mandible

Front 38

17

Back 38

• Cervical spine

Front 39

18

Back 39

• Hyoid bone

Front 40

19

Back 40

• External oblique ridge

Front 41

1

Back 41

• Spinal column (cervical vertebrae)

Front 42

2

Back 42

• Mandible of the opposite side

Front 43

1

Back 43

• Biteblock

Front 44

2

Back 44

• Chin rest

Front 45

3

Back 45

• Side positioner guides

Front 46

1

Back 46

• Tongue

Front 47

2

Back 47

• Soft Palate

Front 48

3

Back 48

• Lipline
• can be avoided if the patient is instructed to close their lips together around the biteblock
• Appears superimposed over the anterior teeth when imaged

Front 49

4

Back 49

• Ear
• Anterior and inferior to the mastoid process
• Appears radiopaque and superimposed over the styloid process

Front 50

1

Back 50

• Palatoglossal air space
• Located between the palate and the tongue
• appears as a radiolucency that is minimized when the tongue is against the hard palate- appears superimposed on the apices of the maxillary teeth if the tongue is not positioned correctly

Front 51

2

Back 51

• Nasopharyngeal air space
• The portion of the pharynx located posterior to the nasal cavity
• Appears as a radiolucent diagonal streak located superior to the radiopaque soft palate - emphasized when the patient's chin is incorrectly tipped down

Front 52

3

Back 52

• Glossopharangeal air space
• Is the portion of the pharynx located posterio to the tongue and the oral cavity (the oropharyngeal reagion)
• Appears as a vertical radiolucent band (negative shadow) superimposed over the ramus of the mandible