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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hyphaema? |
Blood in the anterior chamber |
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What is Sympathetic Ophthalmia? |
Where a penetrating injury to one eye, causes exposure of intraocular antigens and autoimmune reaction in both eyes Rare but important |
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If suspected intraocular foreign body |
Must always X-ray |
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Alkaline burns to eye |
- penetrate quickly and easily -penetrates to intraocular structures - damage to cornea and conjunctiva
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Acid burn to eye |
-coagulates proteins - little penetration
Wash out chemical injuries early |
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4 problems in patients with diabetes |
-Diabetic retinopathy - Cataract (presents earlier in patients with diabetes) Glaucoma (2 times more likely in diabetes) - Acute blurring from hyperglycaemia
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Signs on non-proliferative retinopathy |
- micro aneurysms - dot/blot haemorrhages - hard exudate - cotton wool spots - abnormalities of venous calibre - intra-retinal microvascular abnormalities |
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Buzzword for central retinal artery occlusion? |
"Cherry-red spot"
Macula (and fovea) gets blood supply from choroid not retinal artery so not ichaemic |
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Only part of eye with lymph drainage? |
Conjunctiva |
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The cornea and sclera are |
Avascular |
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What is blepharitis?
Types of anterior and posterior blepharitis? |
Inflammation of the eyelids
Anterior - seborrhoeic or staphlycoccal Posterior - meibomian gland dysfunction |
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Seborrhoeic blepharitis features? |
Lid margin red Scales Dandruff No ulceration, lashes are unaffected |
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Staphylococcal blepharitis features? |
Lid margin red Lashes distorted, loss of lashes, ingrowing lashes (trichiasis) Styes, ulcers of lid margin Corneal staining, marginal ulcers (due to exotoxin) |
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Posterior Blepharitis features? |
Lid margin skin and lashes are unaffected Meibomian gland openings pouting and swollen Inspissated (dried) secretion at gland openings Meibomian cysts Associated with acne rosacea (50%) |
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Blepharitis treatment |
Daily bathing/warm compresses Supplementary tear drops
Oral doxycycline for 2-3 months |
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Common organisms in acute bacterial conjunctivitis |
Staph aureus, strep pneumoniae, h.influenzae |
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What is chemosis? |
Oedema of the conjunctiva |
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What is keratitis? |
Inflammation of the cornea |
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Corneal ulcers -Central -Peripheral |
Central = infective (viral, fungal, bacterial)
Peripheral = autoimmune (rheumatoid arthritis, hypersensitivity) |
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Symptoms and signs of corneal ulcers |
Symptoms: Pain (needle like and severe), photophobia, profuse lacrimation, vision may be reduced
Signs - circumcorneal redness, corneal reflex abnormal, corneal opacity, staining with fluorescien, hypopyon |
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What type of vision is more common in acute CLOSED angle glaucoma |
Hypermetropic (long sighted) |
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What kind of lenses do myopic patients require? |
Concave - reflects light rays outwards so they focus further back on the retina |
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What kind of lenses do hypermetropic patients require? |
Convex, reflects light rays inwards so they focus earlier, on the retina |
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Entire eye infection = |
Endopthalmitis |
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Bacterial conjunctivits in neonates |
Staph aureus Neisseria gonnorhoeae Chlamydia trachomatis |
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Treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis |
Topical antibiotic usually chloramphenical qds |
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Most common presentation of herpetic keratitis? |
Dendritic Ulcer |
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What condition usually follows a UTI |
Adenoviral keratitis |
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Organisms causing endopthalmitis? |
Usually commensals - most common is staph epidermidis
(Can be post-op) |
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Treatment of endopthalmitis? |
Intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin and topical antibiotics |
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Diagnosis of bacterial keratitis? |
Corneal scrape |
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What does chloramphenicol NOT treat?
What can treat this? |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gentamicin (also -ve bacteria) |
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Treatment for chlymidial conjunctivitis |
topical oxyoxytetracycline |
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Strong association with ankylosing spondilitis |
Anterior uveitis |
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What condition can cause "halo lights" |
Closed angle glaucoma |
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Horner's syndrome - sensitized to |
Adrenaline |
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Mydratics (short acting) example |
Tropicamide |
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What is presbyopia? |
Loss of accommodation with age (cannot read up close - hold things far away) |
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Epithelium is _________
Stroma is _________
Hydrophobic/philic Lipophobic/philic |
Hydrophobic and lipophilic
Hydrophilic and lipophobic
(So lipid soluble drugs penetrate epithelium and water soluble drugs penetrate stroma) |
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Alcohol or acetate makes drugs more ______
Phosphate makes drugs more _______ |
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
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Chloramphenicol method of action |
Inhibits bacterial protein being made |
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Antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis |
Quinolones e.g. ofloxacin |
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Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis |
Penicillins and cephalosporins (through b-lactam ring) |
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What should you not use in dendritic ulcers? What can it cause? |
Steroids It can cause corneal melt |
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Method of action of Zovirax (anti-viral)? |
Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis Dendritic ulcers |
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Ophthalmological conditions treated with steroids? |
Post-op cataract To stop rejection of corneal graft Uveitis |
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Local adverse effects of steroids |
Cataracts Glaucoma Exacerbation of viral infection |
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Glaucoma medications? |
Prostanoids e.g. Latanoprost B-blockers Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Alpha 2 agonist Parasympathomimetic e.g. pilocarpine |
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Uses of Fluorescien? |
Identifying corneal abrasion Tonography (measuring IOP) Diagnosing nasolacrimal duct obstruction Angiography |
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Sympathomimetics |
Phenylephrine, atropine
Increase sympathetic activity |
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Ethambutol can cause |
Optic neuropathy |
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Chloroquine (anti-malarial) can cause |
Maculopathy |
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Normal IOP? |
12-22mmHg |
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Scleritis is common in |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
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Papilloedema and antero-venous nipping =
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Hypertensive retinopathy
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