Oceanography Test 3

Front 1

The ability of organisms to withstand conditions is determined by:

Back 1

Genetics

Front 2

What is the large-scale component of control for organisms?

Back 2

Chromosomes

Front 3

These usually occur as pairs in the nucleus. They control the amount of genetic information in the organism. The more of these you have, the more genetic information you have. They are composed of DNA.

Back 3

Chromosomes

Front 4

These are specific sequences of amino acids on the chromosome that have specific functions. They code for enzymes that adapt for specific functions.

Back 4

Gene

Front 5

This is the specific location of the gene on the chromosome, or the "address" of the amino acid pairs that perform a specific function

Back 5

Locus

Front 6

Chromosome pairs are usually copies. When the chromosomal pairs code for the exact same amino acid sequence at the same locus, they are referred to as:

Back 6

Homozygous

Front 7

When chromosomal pairs code for different amino acid sequences at the same locus, they are referred to as:

Back 7

Heterozygous

Front 8

This is the total number of heterozygous chromosomes. It determines how much genetic information is available.

Back 8

Heterozygosity

Front 9

All homozygous chromosomal pairs have this restriction:

Back 9

Finite adaptability

Front 10

This is the symbol indicating the amount of genetic material available to the organism.

Back 10

H-bar

Front 11

The alternate forms of the same gene located at a specific locus on a specific chromosome.

Back 11

Allele

Front 12

This codes for an enzyme of a specific function.

Back 12

Allozyme

Front 13

How is heterozygosity measured?

Back 13

Gel electrophoresis

Front 14

Through gel electrophoresis, starch gels, acrylamides or thidium bromides are used and sort alleles by charge and size. After the gel is run, it is stained for this.

Back 14

A specific allozyme

Front 15

If only one allozyme appears after gel electrophoresis, it is [homozygous/heterozygous].

Back 15

Homozygous because it is carrying the same genetic information at the same location.

Front 16

What is the percentage of heterozygosity in the polar region?

Back 16

2%? or 21%

Front 17

Which type of allele will be functional in a very stable environment, such as a tropical environment?

Back 17

An allele capable of very specific adaptations.

Front 18

Recall the phrase, "Stability permits ____"

Back 18

Complexity

Front 19

Recall the phrase, "Chaos requires _____"

Back 19

Generalization

Front 20

This is multiple species of the same genus.

Back 20

Congeneric species

Front 21

What does the Law of Competitive Exclusion say?

Back 21

*No congeneric species will exist in the same environment

*The closer organisms are genetically, the more they will tend to exclude each other and compete

*If organisms with the same genetic basis are in the same environment, they are competing for different trophic resources.

Front 22

Three organisms of a similar genetic basis have three feeding types: one eats particulates, one captures food from the water column, and one siphons organics from the top of the sand. This is an example of:

Back 22

Genetic variability

Front 23

This type of reproduction occurs through mitosis.

Back 23

Asexual

Front 24

What are some disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

Back 24

*It does nothing for genetic variability

*The offspring are an identical genetic copy of their parents, so negative traits will be transmitted 100%

Front 25

Which organisms are capable of asexual reproduction?

Back 25

Bacteria, sponges, colonian organisms, bryozoa, porifera, corals

Front 26

This type of reproduction occurs through meiosis.

Back 26

Sexual reproduction

Front 27

What are some advantages of sexual reproduction?

Back 27

*Increased genetic variability

*Dispersal of genetic information increased (organisms will float for several months)

Front 28

What are some advantages of asexual reproduction?

Back 28

*Good genes passed onto later generations 100%

*Lots of organisms are produced at a lower cost

*Organisms are able to take advantage of positive niches more quickly

Front 29

What are the three strategies of sexual reproduction?

Back 29

Planktrophic, lecithotrophic, brooding

Front 30

In this strategy of reproduction, organisms release their larva into the water column at very low maturity. The released larva feed in the water column and mature, then settle and metamorphose.

Back 30

Planktrophic

Front 31

What are some advantages of planktrophic reprodution?

Back 31

*Very low cost to the parent

*Can afford to release many individuals

*High dispersal rate

Front 32

What is the disadvantage to planktrophic reproduction?

Back 32

*Very low rate of survival

Front 33

In this strategy of sexual reproduction, the organism forms a larva and produces a "sack lunch" for each larva before they are released. This eliminates the need for the larva to feed in the water column.

Back 33

Lecithotrophic

Front 34

What are some details of lecithotrophy?

Back 34

*Organisms spend less time in the water column

*Intermediate reproductive cost

*Dispersal potential is intermediate

Front 35

In this reproductive strategy, organisms maintain offspring to a very high level of maturity before releasing them. A recognizable species forms.

Back 35

Brooding

Front 36

What is an advantage to brooding?

Back 36

*High success in unstable environments

Front 37

What are disadvantages of brooding?

Back 37

*Very high reproductive cost

*Few offspring produced

*Dispersal does not occur

Front 38

What is the end result of all sexual reproductive strategies?

Back 38

If one organism survives, genetic information can be carried to the next generation.

Front 39

Where did Dr. Zumwalt do his Masters work?

Back 39

Eniwetok

Front 40

This is a 3D Structure made of fused skeletons of organisms.

Back 40

Reef

Front 41

This is a large sediment trap.

Back 41

Lagoon

Front 42

This is a ring of islands perched on an extinct volcano.

Back 42

Atoll

Front 43

Back 43

Know this diagram.

Front 44

This is an area in which pieces of the reef break off and tumble down the hill.

Back 44

Rubble zone

Front 45

This is an area in which waves energy is absorbed.

Back 45

Ridge and Rubble area

Front 46

This is the highest living point, composed of coral and algae.

Back 46

Lithothamnion ridge

Front 47

This is the end of the ridge system; the end is very deep.

Back 47

Leeward wall

Front 48

This forms when coral grows as fast as the lagoon sinks.

Back 48

Pinnacle

Front 49

This substance caps off inactive volcanoes.

Back 49

Limestone

Front 50

When volcanoes are active, there is little coral growth. As the volcano erodes, you get this.

Back 50

Fringing reef systems

Front 51

What are fringing reef systems composed of?

Back 51

Corals

Front 52

When the volcano is no longer active, it becomes very dense and this occurs.

Back 52

It sinks.

Front 53

If coral grows quickly enough to keep up with the sinking volcano, you get this.

Back 53

A ring of islands around a lagoon

Front 54

In this area, pieces of the reef tumble down the hill. Most of the reef pieces die. Sharks are quite populous in this area.

Back 54

Rubble zone

Front 55

In this area, sharks swim around corners and attack.

Back 55

Ridge and rubble

Front 56

This type of shark is very passive. It hides in holes in the reef and is capable of pumping water through its gills while moving.

Back 56

White tip shark

Front 57

This area has very low visibility and a very high shark concentration.

Back 57

Lithothamnion ridge

Front 58

In this area, there are holes, boulders, and sea urchins. The urchins are aligned precisely with 1/3 of their spines overlapping.

Back 58

Reef flat

Front 59

Why are urchins arranged with their spines overlapping?

Back 59

For reproductive success

Front 60

How do urchins initiate reproduction?

Back 60

They release an enzyme to signal others to release gametes in reduced water volume to increase the chance of gamete fusion.

Front 61

In this area, there is a rubble zone with pieces of coral. The accumulation of coral is at the base of all islands, and sand is stacked onto these pieces to form islands.

Back 61

Inside of the reef flat

Front 62

In this area, there are very fragile forms protected by the islands that absorb wave energy.

Back 62

Lagoon

Front 63

What is the feeding type of corals?

Back 63

They contain plantlike organisms living in their tissues. All colonies are formed by mitosis. They all have the same genetic information.

Front 64

This area is surrounded by sand. During storms, pieces of this are broken off and litter the ground. The pieces grow upward and outward.

Back 64

Base of the patch reef

Front 65

Why do corals grow outward?

Back 65

To display as much tissue to sunlight as possible

Front 66

About how many organisms can a small piece of coral contain?

Back 66

150+

Front 67

What does it mean when corals are white?

Back 67

Starfish have consumed all of their living tissue and this coral is dead.

Front 68

These are over 8 feet long. They have huge siphons. They are facultative autotrophs. The use energy to grow and they can snap shut on humans, but they take five minutes to close.

Back 68

Killer clams

Front 69

This phylum contains chrinoids/sea baskets. Their subphylum is chrinozoid. They are mobile and they extend their feeding apparatus into corals. They are suspension feeders that live inside pinnacles.

Back 69

Echinodermata

Front 70

These organisms are great at camouflage. They have a set of spines that extend from their backs that can be raised. The base of the spine has a very deadly poison sack that can kill humans in 20 minutes.

Back 70

Stonefish

Front 71

These organisms are lophophore filter feeders and are sessile.

Back 71

Brachiopods

Front 72

In this area, coral types change. This area has 1800+ feet of water. Very good visibility.

Back 72

Leeward wall

Front 73

This is a circumstance in which nitrogen in the air can become very toxic with depth. For every 33 feet, you experience the equivalent of consuming one martini.

Back 73

Nitrogen narcosis

Front 74

Outline the predictions of speciation and extinction in both conventional and valentinian perspectives.

Back 74

Speciation Extinction

Predictions

Conventional

Stable low high

Unstable high low

Valentinian

Stable high high or low

Unstable low low

Front 75

In unstable environments, organisms have this type of alleles.

Back 75

Generalized

Front 76

In stable environments, organisms have this type of alleles.

Back 76

Specialized

Front 77

Polar regions are [physically/biologically] accomidated.

Back 77

Physically

Front 78

Tropical regions are [physically/biologically] accomidated.

Back 78

Biologically

Front 79

No genetic variability means:

Back 79

No speciation

Front 80

Back 80

*Salinity is stable by latitude in the open ocean

*Salinity is so low because of fresh water river system influence

*Warmer water cannot carry as much oxygen

*The more organisms you have, the more subdivision of resources occurs, and the fewer species you will have.

Front 81

Refer to the chart. Which theory, conventional or valentinian, is correct and why?

Back 81

*Using fossil records, most speciation and extinction occurs in tropical regions.

*Very little extinction and speciation occurred in polar regions because they do not have much genetic variability and have hearty alleles

*According to fossil records, the valentinian model is supported the most.

Front 82

Back 82

*Density is parallel to dominance

*Dominance and density are inversely proportional to diversity

Front 83

Back 83

*Total resource abundance controls the density of organisms

*The more food you have, the more organisms you can support

*The more dense organisms are, the more measured diversity you will have

Front 84

This person designed the epibenthic sled.

Back 84

Bob Hesler

Front 85

What controls heterozygosity?

Back 85

Stability of trophic resources

Front 86

This is the total amount of genetic information available to an individual.

Back 86

Genotype

Front 87

This is the total amount of genetic information available to the species.

Back 87

Genome

Front 88

This is the physical/observable characteristics determined by the genotype.

Back 88

Phenotype

Front 89

This is the development from larva to adult, relying on the environmental factors and responding to these factors by choosing the best form under those conditions.

Back 89

Otogeny

Front 90

This is the physical characteristics that occur as a result of environmental changes. For example, coral with one genotype was clipped and glued to a plate. After a while, one genera and five species were identified. This is because the coral expressed differently according to the environment, looking like other species.

Back 90

Ecophenotype

Front 91

This law states that the yield is proportional to the amount of the most limiting nutrient, whatever that nutrient may be.

Back 91

Liebig's Law of the Minimum

Front 92

What are the two theories explaining the control of organism distribution in the ocean?

Back 92

Synecology and Autecology

Front 93

This theory of organism control states that biological interactions define the organisms in the community. (Biologically accommodated community)

Back 93

Synecology

Front 94

This theory of organism control states that organisms in a community are controlled by physical interactions. (Physically accommodated community)

Back 94

Autecology

Front 95

Where is synecology most likely to be correct?

Back 95

In the tropics because they have higher stability of physical parameters.

Front 96

Where is autecology most likely to be correct?

Back 96

Temperate and Polar regions because they are very unstable environments.

Front 97

Which theory fits the oceans the best?

Back 97

Synecology because the oceans are very stable.

Front 98

What is the heterozygosity in tropical regions?

Back 98

High because the organisms have specialized alleles for biological accommodations.

Front 99

What is the heterozygosity in polar and temperate regions?

Back 99

Low, because organisms have highly generalized alleles.

Front 100

What is the most complex community?

Back 100

(Mytilus edulis) and barnacles (Balanus improvisus) community

Front 101

What makes the (Mytilus edulis) and barnacles (Balanus improvisus) community so complex?

Back 101

*In part, the system is physically accommodated.

*Certain temperature, oxygen levels, and salinity ranges rarely change

*The community is biologically accommodated for the barnacles because they provide substrate for invertebrates

*Shallow marine sites are disturbed very often, creating new substrate

*Progression depends on what is reproducing at the time

*Barnacles are very aggressive and can dominate very quickly

Front 102

What would you expect a mudflat to be, accommodation wise?

Back 102

Physically accommodated because there is a relatively low density and diversity, defined by its salinity, desiccation, and temperature changes.

Front 103

How do organisms change over time?

Back 103

Differential Reproductive Success

Front 104

Who tried to publish Darwin's work first? They worked together to create a new idea of evolution.

Back 104

Wallace

Front 105

What are Darwin's three main observations?

Back 105

1. Organisms tend to overreproduce. They produce more offspring than can survive in that environment

2. Populations will stay the same

3. Variations occur within species

Front 106

Give some examples of Darwin's first observation. (Organisms tend to over-reproduce, creating more offspring than can survive in the environment)

Back 106

*Mola Mola (Ocean Sunfish) are the worst offenders. They get very large and lay 100 eggs per 100 lbs of body weight. They can weigh over a ton. How do they survive? Lots of reproduction

*Bullfrogs lay 6-8 egg masses with 10,000 eggs each, but not many survive

Front 107

Explain why Darwin's second observation makes sense. (Population will stay the same)

Back 107

Because there is a carrying capacity on the environment. The environment can only supply enough food for so many species.

Front 108

Give an example of Darwin's third observation (Variations occur within species)

Back 108

Darwin's finches. We recognize lots of human variation because we are humans.

Front 109

What were Darwin's two conclusions based on his observations?

Back 109

1. Competition for finite resources must occur (based on observations 1 and two)

2. The outcome of competition is controlled by variation (Fitness of organisms; natural selection)

Front 110

How did Darwin define fitness?

Back 110

The amount of offspring that reach reproductive age AND reproduce successfully.

Front 111

What was Lamark's theory of organisms?

Back 111

Organisms acknowledge the need for certain things in their environment and respond to that need. The need is passed on.W

Front 112

What is the problem with Lamark's theories?

Back 112

Learned characteristics are not heritable

Front 113

How would Lamark's observations be explained by Darwin?

Back 113

Species that have adapted to the needs of their environment got enough food to survive. *Selective breeding*

Front 114

How do communities change?

Back 114

Ecologic succession

Front 115

This is a model to explain how communities change throughout time.

Back 115

Ecologic succession

Front 116

Explain ecologic succession, explaining the seres involved.

Back 116

When a substrate or area is destroyed, the first thing to come around after the destructive event follows ordered steps of "seres".

Weedy sere -> Perennial sere -> Softwood sere -> Hardwood sere

Front 117

What is the alternate model to ecologic succession?

Back 117

Faunal Progression

Front 118

Explain the faunal progression experiment.

Back 118

A student took racks and set up 12 plates per rack. He put the racks on 10-15 places in a salt marsh (Intertidal mud flat)

Front 119

What were the two failures of the faunal progression experiment?

Back 119

*Using plastic/plexiglass plates: organisms would not land on them

*Using slate shingles, nothing landed

Front 120

What was the successful result of the faunal progression experiment?

Back 120

Bacteria accumulated on the slates. Larva landed and morphose on the plates. Looking at the plates, you would see whatever organisms were reproducing at that time. Plates that had been out for one year had representation of all organisms in the area.

Front 121

Back 121

*Annual species will die off in the winter and give up that substrate (A+D)

*Since A and D were annuals, they are gone. B and C asexually reproduce and try to take over the available area created by A and D no longer occupying the area.

*B is a perennial. Eventually, the longest living form will be dominant. Assume C can live a long time.

Front 122

What determines a species' success in a particular environment?

Back 122

1. Time and reproduction

2. Competitiveness

3. Longevity

4. Longest lived species will prevail

5. Next disturbance

Front 123

Back 123

Dramatically opposed ideas overlap, as shown here. There is a huge gradient between these events.

Front 124

Explain the trophic chain.

Back 124

Front 125

In this trophic resource organization, there many species of primary producers. The first level of predators can eat most herbivores, and herbivores can eat most primary producers.

Back 125

Food web

Front 126

What are the two alternatives of trophic resource systems?

Back 126

*Synecology - chain - only possible in stable environments

*Autecology - food web - unstable bc one food type may not be there

Front 127

Which system has the greatest potential for extinction?

Back 127

Food chain

Front 128

Historically, how are trophic systems are visualized as a:

Back 128

Pyramid

Front 129

Why is the trophic pyramid structured as such?

Back 129

Primary producers make up the most biomass

Front 130

What is wrong with the trophic pyramid scheme?

Back 130

There is no room for omnivores or other organisms that fall into multiple categories

Front 131

Back 131

This quantifies the flow of energy by feeding types.

*Primary producers are photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs

*Filter feeders feed on planktonic autotrophs

*Suspension feeders extend their apparatus into water and capture food

*Grazers move along the column and eat whatever they come into contact with

All organisms end up in the decomposition cycle, breaking them into primary nutrients to be fed on by primary producers

Front 132

Most photoautotrophs are this type of organism.

Back 132

Protista

Front 133

This term describes organisms that live in the water column above the bottom.

Back 133

Pelagic

Front 134

This is a type of pelagic organism that can swim well enough to change its relative position in the water column.

Back 134

Nectonic

Front 135

This is a type of pelagic organism that cannot swim well enough to change its relative position

Back 135

Planktonic

Front 136

This is a type of planktonic pelagic organism that is capable of photosynthesis.

Back 136

Phytoplankton

Front 137

This is a type of planktonic pelagic organism that is not capable of photosynthesis

Back 137

Zooplankton

Front 138

This term describes an organism that lives on or in the bottom of the ocean.

Back 138

Benthic

Front 139

This is a type of benthic organism that lives on the bottom.

Back 139

Epifaunal

Front 140

This is a type of epifaunal benthic organism that fastens permanently to the bottom.

Back 140

Sessile

Front 141

This is a type of epifaunal benthic organism that can move freely across the bottom.

Back 141

Vagile

Front 142

This is a type of epifaunal benthic organism that does not move freely or fasten permanently to the bottom.

Back 142

Quiescent

Front 143

This type of benthic organism lives in the bottom.

Back 143

Infaunal

Front 144

This type of infaunal benthic organism moves through sediments.

Back 144

Vagrant

Front 145

This type of infaunal benthic organisms live in permanent burrows.

Back 145

Burrowing

Front 146

What is the ecologic position of brachiopods?

Back 146

Sessile epifaunal benthic (epibenthic)

Front 147

What is the opposite of an omnivore?

Back 147

Obligate predator

Front 148

What is the ecologic position of sharks in the water column?

Back 148

Nectonic pelagic

Front 149

What is the ecologic position of animals that live in a burrow their entire lives?

Back 149

Burrowing infaunal benthos

Front 150

What is the ecologic position of the blue crab?

Back 150

Vagile epibenthos, sometimes nectonic

Front 151

What is the ecologic position of a euphasid or krill?

Back 151

Zooplankton

Front 152

Which organisms are autotrophs?

Back 152

Primary producers

Front 153

What organisms are heterotrophs?

Back 153

Everything other than primary producers

Front 154

What is the ecologic position of organisms that burrow through sediments?

Back 154

Vagrant epibenthic

Front 155

What is the ecologic position of oysters in the water column?

Back 155

Quiescent epifaunal; start as sessile

Front 156

What is the ecologic position of sea urchins?

Back 156

Vagile epifaunal, but they do not move often

Front 157

What is the ecologic position of sand dollars?

Back 157

Vagrant infaunal