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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 classifications of elements within the ocean
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conservative
recycled scavenged |
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Look @ a typical profile for each element classification
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done
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Why are nitrate concentrations higher in the pacific than the atlantic?
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because the pacific is older water which allows for accumulation of nitrate
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What is the difference between chloride concentrations in the pacific in atlantic
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they are relatively the same, especially at depth.
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What are some macro nutrients for biota? micro nutrients?
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macro-N,P,Si
micro, Fe,Cu,zn, etc |
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Explain a generic cycle of nutrients
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Nutrients are imputed into the ocean via dust and rivers which are consumed by plankton at the ocean surface as they undergo photosynthesis. When the plankton die, they sink towards the deep ocean and are broken down by decomposers. Part of the sinking particles will become sediment, but the other portion will become remineralized and mixed upward again.
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What happens to the nutrients that fall to the sediment?
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They will be consumed by bacteria
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Organic production is also known as
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carbon fixation
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What is the Redfield ratio
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(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4)
this is the generic formula for organic matter that is formed as a product of biological productivity |
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Photosynthesis ____ CO2
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reduces CO2 to sugar
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Respiration ____ sugars to
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Respiration oxidizes sugars to CO2
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What is a possible explanation to high nutrient areas having low productivity?
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Iron is not available in high quantities
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Why is iron in such low concentrations?
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it is not soluable in oxygenated water (which is our present day water)
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Explain a way that iron has been traced to productivity in the ocean
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oceanic ships will pump iron w/ a tracer on it and measure by satellite the productivity in the area
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how much of a temperature change are climate models predicting in the next 100 years?
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2 to 6 degrees celsius
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A change of a couple degrees celsius would leave to how much of a change in sea level?
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1 meter
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What is the Keeling Curve
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Longest running monitoring project of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which shows a progressive increase in carbon dioxide levels with time
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Explain steps of the carbon cycle is relation to the ocean
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CO2 is given off by human activity.
Iron enriched dust induces a phytoplankton bloom Phytoplankton undergo photosynthesis which causes carbon dioxide to be taken out of the air Some co2 is put back into the atmosphere where zooplantkon and other large organisms in the ocean respire When organisms die, they fall to the bottom of the ocean. Some is remineralized, but often time it will sink to the bottom of the ocean where it is consumed by bacteria. Some of the carbon that is not consumed or remineralized becomes a part of the bedrock beneath the land |
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the ocean has how much more carbon than all land? atmosphere?
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10 x more than the land
60 x more than the atmosphere |
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How much of fossil fuel emissions end up in the atmosphere? in the ocean?
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50% atm
30-50% ocean |
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is oceanic carbon in an organic or inorganic form?
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Mostly in an inorganic form (99%)
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What does it mean by stating that sea water is "well-buffered"
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it reacts to additions and subtractions of nutrients to remain in a state of equilibruim
Carbon dioxide contributes to the buffering system of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in the water |
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What is the pH of the ocean?
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alkaline
slightly above 7 |
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Explain profiles of total inorganic carbon in the open ocean
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in both the atlantic and the pacfic, concentrations are low at the surface and increase with depth. This occurs due to detrius falling down the water column
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Compare total dissolved inorganic carbon in the atlantic and the pacific
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the pacific has more total inorganic carbon than the atlantic because it is an older ocean
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What two mechanisms account for the increased concentration of total inorganic carbon at depth
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the biological and solubility pump
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explain the biological pump
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Phtyoplankton absorb co2 which comes encorporated into their structures. They die and are either remineralized by bacteria, or fall down the water column. If they are remineralized, they supply nutrients for another phytoplankton bloom.
Also takes into account respiration by larger organisms |
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explain the solubility pump
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wcarbon dioxide is more soluble in cold water
upwelled water is high in co2 polar regions with co2 waters are dense and sink toi the deep ocean |
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how will the biological and solubility pumps be affected in the future by increase in carbon dioxide by humans
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If the pumps end up being more effective, they will lead to more carbon dioxide being taken out of the atm, and vice versa
Solubility pump-warmer waters mean that less co2 will be soluble in the water. Also in order for more co2 to be absorbed, the concentration of co3- need to decrease as well. biological pump may not be as adversely affected due to increased supply of nutrients from river run off |
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What drives upwelling
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the atmopsheric pressure field in the Pacific.
During the winter the pressure is high towards the coast, and low towards the center of the pacific, causing winds to flow SW or W During the summer there is a N Pacific high (high er P out in the ocean but a low towards the coast) causes winds to be driven from the N. |
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pacific decadal oscillation
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like el nino but occurs in the pacific where there are years when the water is warmer than others
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Characterize what happens off the coast of Oregon during the summer
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There are northerly winds, leading to offshore ekman transport of the water, leading to upwelling, high productivity, which increase the populations of benthic and pelagic organisms. Ther eis low river run off during this period
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Characterize what happens off the caost of Oregon during the winter
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there is southerly winds leading to onshore ekman transport, downwelling, and low productivity associated with low light, but there is high river run off
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where do hypoxic zones usually occur?
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near river mouths and highly populated areas
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what animals are the least tolerant to hypoxic zones
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fish because they are usually capable of moving away from oxygen depleted zones
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Explain how hypoxia occurs
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nutrients from the land come and induce a phytoplankton bloom and consumers cannot keep up with the amount of biomass. The unconsumed phytoplankton sink to the bottom of the water column and are decomposed, which consumes oxygen, potentially leading to oxygen depleted waters.
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draw a verticla profile of dissolved oxygen at depth in the water column
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done
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where do hypoxic zones occur
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near large river inputs into the water and in areas of coasltal upwelling
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Oregon hypoxia occurs because of
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upwelling off of the coast
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When does hypoxia usually occur off the oregon coast
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during the summer months
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explain a potential difference between shallow water organisms and deep water organisms and their response to hypoxia
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deep water organisms could be better adapted to hypoxic waters because dissolved oxygen levels are already lower at that depth
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Explain hypoxia in connection with coastal upwelling, use oregon as an example
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During the summer, strong winds from the North cause ekman transport of shore waters 90 degrees away from the shore. As a result, water from the deep is upwelled up to replace the water that is displaced off shore. These waters are nutrient rich, but low in oxygen and high in co2. The nutrient rich water leads to a bloom of phytoplankton, which as they die and sink to the bottom, it furter depletes o2 from the water column, leading to hypoxic zones
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where does oregon's hypoxia develop?
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on the open continental shelf rather than @ a river mouth
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what drives year to year differences in hypoxia?
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topography of the sea floor
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what can change the difference in severity of hypoxia?
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wind forcing
2006 was a strong year |
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how can climate change potentially affect hypoxia
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warmer waters/summers can lead to strong winds, which will lead to more upwelling
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what are advantages to living in the ocean
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lots of space
less variation in temperature more readily available elemental nutrients |
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what are disadvantages to living in the ocean
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elements may be in low concentration in a given area
no where to escape from predation challenges to living in a fluid medium |
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plankton include
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bacteria archea viruses plants and larvae
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phtyoplankton produce how much of the earth's oxygen
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50%
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Give examples of photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoheterotrophs
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photoautotroph-phytoplankton
chemoautotroph- bacteria on hydrothermal vents photoheterotroph- some phytoplankton chemoheterotroph-zooplankton and fish |
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carbon fixation
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energy from the sunlight being reduced to inorganic carbon into organic carbon
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what are characteristics, ecological role, and occurrence of diatoms
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silicate shells
they are poorly grazed and must have an abundance of silica in the water in order to be present found in highly productive areas |
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coccolithophores: characteristics, ecological role, occurence
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small, calcium carbonate
have a high albedo found in low nutrient waters |
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dinoflagellates: characteristics, ecological role, occurence
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small, motile
some are bioluminescent responsible for red tides |
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cyanobacteria: characteristics, ecological role, occurence
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blue gree bacteria that can form chains
some can fix N gas mostly found in warm tropical waters |
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prochloro-coccus
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most abundant cyanobacteria on earth
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do diatoms have flagella?
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no and they aren't very motile
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what are some unique features of dinoflagellates
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two flagella
cellulose wall that dissolves easily |
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primary production
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the amount of organic matter/chemical energy synthesized by photosynthesis
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primary productivity
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the rate of production of organic matter within a given time
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gross production
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total biomass generated by photosynthesis in a given time
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net production
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(gross production) - (matter used in respiration)
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standing crop
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the number of organisms per unit area or volume
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biomass
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total weight of organisms in an area or volume
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Does more primary productivity occur on land or in the ocean?
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on land
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What are factors determining primary productivity?
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light, nutrients, physics, grazing
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what are challenges for phytoplankton being productive?
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-light: sinking out of the penetration range of light
-environment is very viscous which makes it hard to get nutrients and get rid of waste -predation -competition for nutrients |
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how do phytoplankton stay in the light?
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-being less dense. Ex: diatoms have wax and oil deposits to make them more buoyant, or excluding heavy ions from the body tissue
-shape: adding setae to increase drag -having a flagella -having accessory pigments that absorb blue light even if you sink out of red light |
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what are solutions for phytoplankton challenges to living in a viscous environment
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being smaller, and having a larger surface area to volume ratio.[
being motile |
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how do phytoplankton address problems related to grazing
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they have hard skeletons
toxicity forming chains will slow grazers |
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How do phytoplankton get more nutrients
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having a faster growth rate
larger surface area smaller size: out compete larger accessory pigments: leads to out competing species that have less pigments storage of unused nutrients |
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explain how light and nutrients are in conflict for phytoplanton
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high nutrient concentrations are lower in the water column where less light is available
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compensation depth
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where primary productivity equals respiration
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what is the purpose of bioluminescence
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camouflage, attraction, repulsion, communication
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how would ozone depletion potentially affect primary productivity
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UV light can hurt the pigments and accessory pigments in phytoplankton, damaging their ability to photosynthesize
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what phytoplankton undergo asexual reproduction
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cyanobacteria and diatoms
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what phytoplankton undergo sexual reproduction
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dinoflagellates
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how much energy is transferred to each trophic level
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10%
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give some characteristics for oceanic bacteria
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-decomposers
-live either anaerobic or aerobic conditions -most are heterotrophs |
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protozoans consume
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bacteria
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characteristics of protozoan
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single celled
heterotrophs |
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are flagellates protozoans?
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yes
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what do flagellates feed on
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detritus
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name a sea organism that is a mixotroph
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dinoflagellate
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nekton
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free swimming organism
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holoplankton
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planktonic throughought their entire life
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mereoplankton
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planktonic during part of their life stages
ex: barnacles, corval, fish |
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what is an advantage to having a planktonic life stage
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leads to dispersal, hanging out in the benthos etc
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copepods feed on
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phtoplankton and microzooplankton
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diapause and copepods
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they are able to pause development and migrate to depth, reducing their metabolism and living off of a lipid sac untill conditions are favorable
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explain the difference between N. Atlantic and N. Pacific Copepods
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N atlantic copepods are smaller and having several generations per yer and live in warmer waters.
N. Pacific are larger and only produce offspring once a year |
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what are euphausids
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krill
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what do krill feed on?
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phytoplankton and zoonplankton
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how many tons of krill do blue whales consume a day?
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4-6 million tons
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Why is it good for blue whales to eat krill
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because it contains a lot of energy and is more efficient because they are lower on the food chain
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What is the main way that zooplankton feed?
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through filtration where they use mucus to sort particles
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explain copepod feeding
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They use their legs to swet water and draw particles to themselves
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seconday production
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net change in grazer biomass per unit time
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why do zooplankton undergo vertical migration
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predator avoidance
energy conservation moving to a new feeding environment by "riding" a deep current all about balance between mortality risk and energy gain |
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what is a way that krill movement is monitored
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sonar
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explain a way that plankton are monitored
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botttle
pumps nets where they are towed use a lazer optical plankton counter monitor chlorophyll fluorescence |
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what are some assumptions in plankton sampling
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that your sample is reflective of the entire ocean area you are researching
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nekton
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free swimming organisms
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what does the change in population size depend on
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the per capita birth rate minus the per capita death rate
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density dependent vs independent
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independent- doesn't depend on population abundance
dependent- depends on population size |
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biomass
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total mass of a stock
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stock
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a part of a fish population usually subject to a distinct fishery
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spawning stock biomass (SSB)
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biomass of mature fish
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recruitment
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addition of new members to a stock
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maximum sustainable yield
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theoretical largest catch that can be taken from a stock over an indefinite period of time
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why doesn't maximum sustainable yield
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if you are taking out based upon a given number, you are not taking into account whether the fish are old or young
it ignores predation, competition, and disease, changes in enviroment |
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look at the stock assessment slide
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done
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life history trait
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a trait that contributes to lifetime survival and reproducation
ex: age @ maturity, egg size, parental care, etc |
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Fisheries are what type of selective and what has that lead to?
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size selective which has made smaller fish become fertile earlier, and has lead to slower growth
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BOFFFFS
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big old fat fertile female fish
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name some gear types for catching fish
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beam trawl
purse seine gill net long line midwater trawl |
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how has global fisheries practices impacted our current fishing/eating habits
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because all of the large predators are in decline form overfishing, targeting for the industry has now been on smaller fish and fishing deeper in the water column
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bycatch
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unintended catch
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what industry has the largest bycatch
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shimp and prawns and crabs
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who owns the sea
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states 3 miles out
federal 200 miles out |
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IFQs
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individual fish quotas
licenses allowing certain amount of catch |
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TACs
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total allowance catches
optimal annual catch based on carrying capacity, regeneration rates, and future value |
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what is a problem with aquaculture
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it uses more wild fish than it produces as biomass
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Explain equatorial upwelling under normal conditions
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Trade winds blowing east to West lead to ekman transport away from either side of the equator, leading to upwelling from the bottom. As a result warm water is piled up towards the west
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explain equatorial upwelling under el nino conditions
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there is a reduction of cessation of the trade winds, leading to a decrease in upwelling, pushing the warm waters towards the east. The movement of warm waters towards the east leads to stratification in the water column and pushing down of the thermocline
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what are consequences of equatorial upwelling under normal circumstances
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there are cool SST
nutrient flux to photic zone enhanced productivity co2 source because due to iron limitation not enough of the co2 from the deep cold water is consumed, leading to off gasing |
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what fishing inidustry is most impacted by el nino
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anchovy
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ice age is equivalent to
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last glacial maximum
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when was the last glacial maximum
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18,000 years ago
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what were characteristics of the last glacial maximum
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ice over canada and seattle
sea level was much lower atmospheric carbon dioxide was 40% lower |
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proxy
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an indicator used to infer a variable of interest that cannot be directly measured
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what is a problem with proxies?
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there is often more than one factor that leads to a change, so there are multiple proxies taht can be used
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Explain how species composition of forams serve as a climate proxy
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forams will have a different species composition based upon how warm the water is
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explain radiocarbon dating in marine sediments
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all living things incorporate C14 into their bodies. C14 has a half life of 5370 yrs. At death, the carbon immediately starts to decay
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explain how oxygen isotopes can be a proxy for ocean temperature
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When water evaporates, O16 is preferentially evaporated because it is lighter in comparison to O18. Therfore when there is a lot of evaporation occuring in high temperature times, there will be more O18 in the water. Forams will then incorporate the O18 inor their calcium carbonate shells.
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explain orbital forcing and how it has induced ice ages
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every 100 thousand years the earth's orbit becomes a little closer to the sun, increasing forcing, thereby increasing temperature.
the earth's orbit also will chance tilt every tens of thousands of years, leading to warming or cooling depending on the tilt. |
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explain how nitrate is a proxy
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phytoplankton preferentially take up N14 because it is ligheter. Therefore as nitration utilization of N14 increases, the ratio of N15 to N14 increases. When nitrate is in low supply, more N15 is utilized.
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Explain the relationship of low opal with high N15 concnentrations in the ocean
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It signals that there is an N limitation on the growth of phytoplankton
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what is happening to global c12 and c13
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c13 is reduced bc of fossil fuel burning
c12 is increasing of fossil fuel burning |
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what are two main contributions to sea level rise
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thermal expansion
ice melting from glaciers that are on top of bedrock |
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how would the thermohaline circulation be affected by a change in temperature?
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convection would decrease
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in the next 100 yrs the sea is predicted to rise by how much
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1x to 2 m
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what would be potential impacts of global haline circulation decreasing
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decline ecosystems
more hurricanes and styorms bc of warmer surface waters |
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explain ocean acidification
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with more carbon dioxide in the air, more carbon uptake occurs in the ocean because it has not reached saturation. Due to the buffer chemistry in the ocean with carbon dioxide and carbonic acid, an increase in co2 leads to a decreasein carbonate, and an increase in carbonic acid, which disassociates to produce more H and decreasing the pH of the ocean.
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what happens to the CCD when there is more carbon dioxide is being incorporated into the ocean
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the CCD rises in the water column which leads to the eroding of calcium carbonate shells in phytoplankton and the structure of coral
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how does an increase in water temperature affect salmon
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they are smaller at maturity becauser acidification decrease the amount of phtyo/zoo plankton for them to eat
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rights based fisheries
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assign individual quotas to people so ther eis no longer a "race to fish" to outcompete others
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what is happening to lead contamination in the ocean
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decreasing
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what is a wave
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a transferrable signal
The material itself doesn't move, but instead the signal is transferred throughout a medium |
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what is needed for a wave to occur in surface water
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a disturbance
a restoring force a medium for the energy to travel through |
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what is a simple equation for wave speed
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c = L (wavelength) / T (period)
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do shorter or longer waves travel faster
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longer
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Do waves get faster or slower when they reach the shore?
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slower
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what is the path of deep water waves
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circular
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what is the path of shallow water waves
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more vertical
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