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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A condition caused by the disruption of the amnion in early pregnancy that may entangle fetal parts to cause amputation or malformation is: |
Amniotic band syndrome |
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Which structure forms early in gestation and surrounds the embryo? |
Amniotic Cavity |
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Which imaging plane is best for imaging the cleft lip and palate? |
Modified coronal |
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Extensive facial screening may be hindered by all the following except? -bone shadowing -poor fetal positioning -polyhydraminos -maternal obesity |
polyhydraminos |
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Which neural tube defect is characterized by a lack of development of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and cranial vault? |
Anencephaly |
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Which central nervous system anomalies demonstrates slaying of the cerebellar hemispheres on ultrasound? |
Dandy-Walker Malformation |
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Complete or partial absence of the cranial bones is described as: |
Acrania |
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A craniofacial defect asociated with ABS is: |
Asymmetric encephalocele |
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The most important determinant for fetal viability is: |
Pulmonary development |
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Chest circumference measurements are made in the transverse plane at a level of: |
4 chamber heart |
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The average cardiac axis is _____ degrees to the _______ |
45; left |
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Which is a malformation of lymphatic system? |
cystic hygroma |
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Fetal production of urine and the ability to swallow begins during with weeks of gestation? |
8 to 11 |
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The amount of amniotic fluid is regulated by all of the following except: -production of the fluid -removal of the fluid by swallowing -fluid exchange within the heart -membranes and cord |
Fluid exchange within the heart |
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Signs of polyhydraminos include all of the following except: -appearance of a free floating fetus -accentuated fetal anatomy -amniotic fluid index greater than 20cm -AFI greater than 15 cm |
AFI greater than 15cm |
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Oligohydraminos is associated with all of the following except: -renal agenesis -gastrointestinal disorder -premature rupture of intrauterine membranes -postdate pregnancy |
Gastrointestinal disorder |
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Which of the following about cleft lip and palate are false? -a medial cleft lip is caused by an incomplete merging of the 2 medial nasal prominences in the midline -a complete bilateral cleft lip & palate is a small gap in the left upper lip on the modified coronal view |
a complete bilateral cleft lip & palate is a small gap in the left upper lip on the modified coronal view
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The absence of the cavum septi pellucidi is a distinguishing characteristic of which fetal anomaly? |
Agenesis of the corpus collosum |
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Facial anomalies in holoprosencephaly may represent all of the following except: -hypotelorism -cyclopia -hypertelorims -flattened nose w/ a singel nostril |
hypertelorism |
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Which lung mass is characterised as nonfunctional extra lung tissue, and usually receives blood from the aorta? |
pulmonary sequestration |
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The most common type of diaphragmatic hernia occurs posteriorly and laterally and occurs through the foramen of: |
Bochdalek |
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Which type of congenital cystic adenomatoid is characterized by 1 or more large cysts, greater than 2cm |
type I |
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Normal sonographic appearance of the fetal chest: |
Lungs serve as the medial borders for the heart |
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What are typical signs of Arnold-Chiari malformation? |
banana and lemon shapes |
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Which of the following abnormalities is described as the congenital ansence of the cerebral hemispheres resulting from an occlusion of the carotid arteries. The midbrain structures are present, and fluid replaces cerebral tissue. |
Hydranencephaly |
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What is the most common neck mass? |
Cystic hygroma cell |
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The bridge of the nose originates from the _____ prominence. |
Frontal |
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Syndactylism is most likely the result of which of what? |
Amniotic bands |
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Amniotic sheets are believed to be caused by: |
Synechiae |
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Early in gestation, the major source of amniotic fluid is produced by the: |
Amniotic membranes |
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Which one is not a function of the amniotic fluid? -allowing the fetus to move freely -maintaining intrauterine temperature -developing fetal swallowing -protecting the fetus from injury |
developing fetal swallowing |
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Proboscis suggests what abnormality? |
Holoprosenchephaly |
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The most common congenital anomaly of the face is: |
Cleft lip |
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Ventriculomegaly is defined as lateral ventricular enlargement measuring greater than ____ mm. |
10 |
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Normal fetal lungs appear on ultrasound as: |
homogeneous with moderate echogenicity |
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When the fetal pleural effusion is encountered, a careful search of the ________ should be attempted. |
Diaphragm |
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Herniation through the foramen of Bochdalek is usually found on which portion of the diaphragm? |
Left |
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Ventriculomegaly coupled with an enlargement of the fetal head is called: |
Hydrocephalus |
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Which is the most common neural tube defect? |
anencephaly |
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Which of the terms describes a small chin? |
micrognathia |
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Which statement about facial anomalies is correct? -fetal facial anomalies are homogeneous -hemangiomas do not occur in the face and neck -facial anomalies occur as isolated defects or as part of a syndrome |
facial anomalies occur as isolated defects or as part of a syndrome
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Which is both valuable and reproducible in assessing the AFV? |
AFI |
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Scars in the uterus secondary to previous surgery are called: |
synechiae |
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Which fetal neck mass arises from the anterior portion of the neck? |
Goiter |
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An isolated unilateral cleft lip defect commonly originates: |
on the left side of the face |
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The vein of Galen malformation is described as which abnormality? |
a rare artiovenous malformation |
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Which term is used to describe the herniation of meninges and brain through a calvarium defect? |
enephalocele |
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Which does not describe sonographic features of a right sided diaphragmatic hernia? -the liver is seen in the chest -the collapsed bowel may be present -the stomach lies superior to the diaphragm -the heart is deviated far to the left |
the stomach lies superior to the diaphragm |
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The presence of pleural effusion may cause what to occur? |
A shift of mediastinal structures |
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Decreased intraorbital distance is |
Hypotelorism |
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The intracranial findings in spina bifida are secondary to: |
Arnold Chiari |
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All of the following are sonographic findings of spina bifida except: -banana sign -lemon sign -slaying of the posterior elements -strawberry sign |
Strawberry sign |
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The heart should occupy approximately ____ of the fetal thorax. |
1/3 |
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The most common fetal tharacic abnormality is______. |
Diaphragmatic hernia |
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Orbital distance measurment would be most helpful in what condition? |
Holoprosencephaly |
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A 24 year old patient is scanned for routine dating of pregnancy. Examination of the fetal head reveal non-fused thalami, presence of the falx cerebri and fluid-filled cranium. The choroid plexus are present. these sonographic findings most likely indicate: |
Hydroephalus |
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While scanning a patient who is 16 week by lmp, the sonographer notes a large cystic mass at the posterior aspect of the fetal neck. the mass appears to contain septations. The intracranial structures are normal. The finding most likely represents: |
Cystic hygroma |
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Oligohydramnios is associated with all of the following except: -IUGR -Preterm labor -Fetal demise -Bilateral renal agenesis |
Preterm labor |
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What is not associated with an elevated MS-AFP level? |
Cystic hygroma |
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The most common congenital heart defect is_________. |
Ventricular septal defect |
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The presence of an asymmetric encephalocele raises suspicion for? |
Amniotic band syndrome |
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Fetal lung maturity can be detected via amniocentesis by presence of ___________? |
Phosphatidyl-glycerol |
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Common round anechoic structures found within the choroid plexus that can be unilateral or bilateral? |
Choroid plexus cyts |
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Oligohydraminos is associated with anencephaly. TRUE or FALSE |
False |
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The most severe condition on the spectrum of ABS is limb-body wall complex, TRUE or FALSE |
True |
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Alobar is the most severe form of holprosencephaly. TRUE or FALSE |
True |
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Ventricular septal defect is the most common congenital heart defect. TRUE or FALSE |
True
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The heart occupies 1/4 of the fetal chest. TRUE or FALSE |
False |
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Normal lung tissue is described as heterogeneous and slightly less echogenic than the liver. TRUE or FALSE |
False |
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Frontal bossing is best seen in a profile view of the face. TRUE or FALSE |
True |
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Type III congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is characterized as multiple small cyts that make the lung appear as hyperechoic. TRUE or FALSE |
True |
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What is the most common uterine position? |
Anteversion |
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The ovary produces two hormones. Estrogen is secreted by ________, whereas progesterone is secreted by ________. |
Follicles ; corpus luteum |
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The release of an egg from the ruptured follicle is termed what? |
Ovulation |
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The ovary receives its primary blood supply from which artery? |
Ovarian |
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Which portion of the fallopian tube is the longest? |
Ampulla |
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TRUE or FALSE: The ovaries are suspended from the uterine ligament. |
False |
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The ovaries are laterally supported by which ligament? |
Suspensory |
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Abnormally heavy or long menses is termed: |
Menorrhagia |
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Menarche may be defined as: |
The state after reaching puberty during which menses occur every 21 to 28 days |
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Which of the following are small vessels found along the periphery of the uterus? |
Arcuate arteries |
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The endometrium is at its greatest thickness and echogenicity with posterior enchancement in which phase? |
Luteal |
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Which technique uses a catheter inserted into the endometrial cavity w/ the insertion of saline or contrast media to fill the endometrial cavity to demonstrate abnormalities within the cavity of uterine tube? |
Sonohysterography |
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The transvaginal transducer should be soaked in disinfectant for _____ minutes. |
12 |
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The middle layer of the uterus is termed what? |
myometrium |
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Arcuate artery calcifications are observed in patient who are ________ ? |
Postmenopausal |
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What is the best way to measure the cervical-fundal dimension of the uterus? |
Transabdominal |
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On transabdominal imaging of the female pelvis, the distended urinary bladder: |
is an acoustic window to view pelvic anatomy serves as a "cystic" reference displaces the bowel into the false pelvis |
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The cinial signs of a 32 year old woman with an enlarged uterus on physical examination & a history of cyclic profuse & prolonged bleeding w/ increasing pain is most likely what? |
Leiomyoma |
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Which one of the following is the most common site for a leiomyoma to occur |
intramural |
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What condition is described as a hypeplastic protrusion of the epithelium of the cervix that may be based or pedunculated? |
cervical polyps |
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What is most likely the result of an acquired condition with obstruction of the cervical canal? |
cervical stenosis |
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TRUE or FALSE Adenomyosis is the most common pelvic mass |
False |
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A 3 day postpartum woman complains of intense pelvic pain. Sonographically, the uterus appears hypoechoic with an irregular endometrium. this most likely represents what? |
Endometritis |
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Patiens on tamoxifen therapy have an increased risk of what reaction? |
Endometrial hyperplasia endometrial polyp endometrial carcinoma |
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A 28 yr old woman reports left lower quad pain. Her lmp was 2 week earlier. Her uterine body displays a highly echogenic structure in the endometrial cavity.. this most likely represents what? |
IUD |
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Irregular, acyclic bleeding is defined as what? |
Metrorrhea |
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Where might a Gartner's duct cyst be found? |
Vagina |
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The dermoid is typically associated with what sign? |
tip of the iceberg |
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Which cyst occurs when a dominant follicle does not succeed in ovulation but remains active although immature? |
follicular |
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The most common adnexal mass found during early pregnancy is what? |
Corpus luteal |
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A mucinous cystadenoma is everything except: |
thick with irregular walls and septations |
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Which pelvic organ is more commonly involved with metastatic disease? |
Ovaries |
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Sonographic criteria for a simple ovarian cyst include everything except? -smooth walls -anechoic appearance -acoustic enhancement -posterior shadowning |
Posterior shadowing |
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An ovary is generally considered abnormal if its volume is ____ the size of the contralateral ovary. |
Twice |
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In PCOS, the ovaries have which one of the following shapes? |
Rounded |
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Functioning endometrial tissue is present outside of the uterus in which condition? |
endometriosis |
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The partial or complete rotation of the ovarian pedicle on its axis is defined as what? |
Ovarial torsion |
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An infection that involves the fallopian tube and ovary is called: |
Tubo-ovarian abscess |
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What is an infection in the fallopian tube? |
salpingitis |
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PID is an inclusive term that refers to pelvic infections except: |
endometriosis |
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Fusion of the inflamed dilated tube and ovary is: |
Tubo-ovarian comples |
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The differential considerations of a solid appearing adnexal mass inclue everything except: |
hydrosalpinx |
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Sexually trasmitted PID is spread via: |
mucosa |
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Perihepatic inflammation ascending from a pelvic infection is called _______. |
Fritz-hugh-curtis |
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When a sonographer discovers a bicornuate uterus, which area should be evaluated? |
Kidneys |
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Days 6-13 in the ovary are which ovarian phase? |
follicular |
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The proportians of the uterine body and fundus to the uterine cervix in an adult are: |
2'3 body/fundus ; 1/3 cervix |
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The hormone primarily responsible for ovulation is _______. |
LH |
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A fibroid is sonographically indistiguishable from: |
leiomyosarcoma |
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If a mucinous ovarian malignancy ruptures, it could lead to the development of: |
Pseudomyxoma peritonel |
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A blood test used to screen for ovarian cancer: |
CA-125 |
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Patient who has not yet reached menarche has a distended vagina, filled with low level echos. this sonographic appearance is most likely: |
Hematocolpos; imperforate hymen |
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A patient on Perganol is on day 27 of the cycle. Multiple large septated cyts are seen bilaterally. This ovarian finding is most likey: |
Theca lutein cysts |
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The most common tumor of the female pelvis: |
Myoma |
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The most dependent recess in the body is the: |
Pouch of douglas |
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Fertilization occurs at which site normally? |
Ampulla of the fallopian tube |
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What ovarian tumor is associated with the GI primary malignancy? |
Krukenberg tumor |
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What term describes a patient that has never been pregnant? |
nulligravida |
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The ligament which attached the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall and transmits the ovarian vessels is: |
infunibulopelvic ligament |
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An 80 yr old patient presents sonographic evaluation for vaginal bleeding. What is most important to obtain? |
Endometrial thickness measurement |
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What is suggestive of an ovarian malignancy? |
Mural nodules |
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What will appear as a cyst in the cervial region of the uterus? |
Nabothian cyst |
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Meig's syndrom does not include? |
Uterine myoma |
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The appropriate method of measuring the endometrium is ______ on a _______ image. |
AP; sagittal |
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The left ovarian vein drains into the ______, and the right ovarian vein drains into the _______. |
Left renal vein; IVC |
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The gutters at the top of the vagina, which surround the cervix, are the: |
Fornices |
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The beginning of menses is known as: |
Menarche |
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Which stage of endometriosis involves the ovaries? |
3 |
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The term, "chocolate cyst" refers to a(n): |
endometriomaa |
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The outer serosal layer of the uterus is the: |
perimetrium |
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Day 6-13 of the uterine phase is the |
Proliferative phase |
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The most common anomaly caused by falure of the Mullerian ducs to fuse is: |
Bicornute uterus |
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The most common pelvic mass encountered during pregnancy is: |
corpus luteal cyst |
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The hormone responsible for the final maturation of the follicle and for ovulation is: |
LH |
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What scan plane do you measure the length of the uterus? |
sagittal |
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When viewing an image on the screen in a transverse, the top of the screen is the ______ and the bottom of the screen is the _____. |
Anterior; posterior |
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Which portion of the fetal heart lies closest to the anterior chest wall? |
right ventricle |
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Which biometric measurement is the most accurate predictor of gestation age prior to twenty weeks? |
Bpd |
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Which measurement determines cervical compentence? |
Length |
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Estimation of fetal weigh is more commonly calculated using a combination of with measurements? |
BPD, FL, & AC |
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A decrease in fetal liver size is associated with: |
IUGR |
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The proximal tibial epiphysis is visualized around what gestational week? |
35th |
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Implantation of a pregnancy is complete about how many days after fertilization? |
10-12 |
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Physiological herniation of the fetal bowel into the umbilical cord is abnormal after how many weeks gestation? |
12
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Which is the first system to function into the embryo? |
cardiovascular |
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What is most likely associated with ruptured ectopic pregnancy? |
hypotension |
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Dramatic evaluation is serum human chorionic gonadotropin is associated with: |
Trophoblastic disease |
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Once a fetal heart rate is below how many BPM it is termed bradycardia: |
90 Beats per minute |
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Sonographic findings of an early intrauterine pregnancy include: |
eccentric location of the gestational sac within the endrometrium. |
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The Yolk sac is no longer visible on ultrasound beginning which gestational week? |
12 |
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formation of four individual heart chambers occurs by which gestational week? |
9 |
