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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does Energy do?
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It allows calls to do Life's work
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What is Energy?
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The ability to do work?
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Define Potential Energy
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Store energy available to do work
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Define Kinetic Energy
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Energy being used to do work
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What do the Laws of Thermodynamics describe?
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Energy Transfer
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What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
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The Law of Energy Conversion: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted to other forms.
The total amount of Energy in the Universe is constant |
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What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
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All energy transformation as inefficient and every reaction loses some energy as heat. The process is irreversible
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What is entropy?
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A measure of randomness
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What are some examples of Entropy?
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Ice cube melting into water, bricks tossed out of a truck and landing at random, gasses in a container
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What do chemical reactions do?
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They absorb or release energy
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What is metabolism?
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The chemical reactions inside of cells
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What is an Endergonic reaction?
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A reaction that requires an INPUT of energy.
Ex. Photosynthesis |
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What is an Exergonic reaction?
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A reaction that releases energy
Ex. Cellular respiration |
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What is in balance at Chemical Equilibrium?
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Reaction Rates
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At Chemical Equilbrium, are reactions reversible?
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Yes
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Describe Chemical Equilibrium
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Rates of product and reactant formation are equal. The "disappearance" of the product prevents equilibrium.
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What do linked Oxidation and Reduction Reactions Form?
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Electron Transport Chains
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What happens in Oxidation?
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There's a loss of electrons and energy is released
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What happens in Reduction?
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There's a gain of electrons and it requires energy
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Is Oxidation Endergonic or Exergonic?
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Endergonic
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Is there a gain or loss of electrons in Oxidation?
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loss of electrons
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Does Oxidation require or release energy?
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releases energy
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Are the products of Oxidation more or less complex?
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less complex
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Is a Reduction Endergonic or Exergonic?
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Exergonic
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Is there are gain or loss of electrons in Reduction?
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gain of electrons
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Does Reduction require or release energy?
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requires energy
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Are the products in Reduction more or less complex?
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more complex
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What is Adeonosine Triphosphate (ATP)?
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A type of nucleotide that is produced by mitochondria
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What completes an Energy Transaction (related to ATP)?
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The transfer of Phosphate. The cell phsophorylates another molecule using ATP. There are two effects:
1. It energizes the target molecule, which fuels endergonic reactions 2. It changes the shape of the target molecule, and it used to move substances |
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What does ATP Represent?
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Short term energy storage
- Organisms recycle ATP at a furious pace - Cells don't stockpile ATP - Cells store energy-rich molecules such as fats, starch, and glycogen |
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What speeds chemical reactions?
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Enzymes
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What do enzymes do?
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Bring reactions together
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Define enzyme
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An organic molecule that catalyzes, or speeds up, a chemical reaction without being consumed. Most are proteins. And they have a low energy of activation
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Parts of an enzyme?
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1. The active site, or where the substrate binds
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What can a fault or missing enzyme cause?
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Lactose intolerance, PKU, etc.
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What are cofactors and why are they important?
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Partners for enzymes that must be present for them to work. They are often oxidized and reduced, not consumes.
ex: Vitamins |
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What is negative feedback or feedback inhibition?
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A reaction that inhibits the enzyme that controls it's formation
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What is competitive inhibition?
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When a product binds to an active site?
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What is noncompetitive inhibition?
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When a product binds elsewhere
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What is positive feedback?
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When the product activates the pathway leading to its own production. It's rarer than negative feedback. An example is blood clotting when you cut yourself.
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What factors affect Enzyme activity?
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- Enzymes are sensitive to conditioned in the cell and become denatured. Some antibiotics inhibit bacterial enzymes
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What may membrane transport do?
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Release or Cost Energy
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What do membranes regulate?
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Traffic in and out of the cell?
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Are membranes selectively permeable?
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Yes
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What is concentration gradient?
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When the solute is more concentrated in one region. It was dissape unless energy is expended
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Does Passive Transport require energy input?
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No
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What is an example of Passive Transport?
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Diffusion. All substances are constantly in constant, random motion and don't stop moving at equilibrium
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Are proteins required in simple diffusion?
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No, and there isn't a carrier molecule. This can only occur if they can freely pass through membrane
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When does a cell maintain gradients?
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by continually consuming the substances as they diffuse in
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Define Osmosis
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Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Water diffuses down it's own concentration gradient |
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What is isotonic?
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When there are equal concentrations of solute inside and outside the cell
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What is hypotonic?
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When there is a higher solute concentration outside the cell and lower inside the cell
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What is hypertonic?
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When there is a lower solute concentration outside the cell and higher inside the cell
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Are proteins required for facilitated diffusion?
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Yes
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What does membrane protein do?
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Assists the movement of a polar solute along it's concentration gradient
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Can Glucose pass freely into the RBC?
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No, it's too hydrophilic
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What is used to enhance water transport?
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Aquaporins
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Does active transport require energy input?
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Yes
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What does the cell use a transport protein for in Active transport?
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To move a substance against it's concentration gradient, from less concentrated to more concentrated
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What does a sodium potassium pump do?
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Expels 3Na+ for 2 K+ taken in
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What is Endocytosis?
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Uses vesicles to transport substances.
_ Engulfs fluids and large molecules == Pinocytosis - fluids and dissolved substances == Phagocytosis - large particles or cells == Receptor - mediated endocytosis |
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What is Exocytosis?
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Uses vesicles to transport substances
- transports fluids and large particles out of the cell |
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What is Cystic Fibrosis caused by
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A faulty CFTR gene
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What may cystic fibrosis increase resistance to?
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Cholera
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What produces the toxin resulting in cholera?
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Vibrio cholerae
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What does all life ultimately depend on?
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Photosynthesis
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What happens during photosynthesis?
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Solar energy is harvested and converted into chemical energy
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What does photosynthesis build?
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Carbohydrates out of Carbon Dioxide and water
- pigmented molecules capture the sun's energy - builds glucose from carbon dioxide - uses water and releases oxygen gas |
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What is Oxidation (relation to photosynthesis)?
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Electrons moved from H20 to CO2, and energy is gained from sunlight
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What are a plant's uses for glucose?
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Half is for the plant's fuel and the rest is to manufacture other compounds
Ex: Cellulose for cell walls, or storing starch as sucrose |
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What are some things photosynthesis does?
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Feeds plants, provides energy and raw materials for other organisms, and wastes product oxygen essential for life
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What were the first organisms?
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All heretotrops, autotrophs evolved later
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What does photosynthesis release?
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Oxygen gas
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Who outcompeted anaerobic organisms?
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Aerobic organisms
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What is light?
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Visible light that is part of the electronmagnetic spectrum
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What are photons?
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Shorter wavelengths of light = more energy
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What does sunlight give off?
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Ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infared radiation
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What is the energy source for photosynthesis?
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Sunlight
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What do photosynthetic pigments capture and give an example?
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Light energy; Chlorophyll/Accessory Pigments
- These pigments only absorb some wavelengths and then transmit or reflect others |
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What are the sites of photosynthesis?
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Chloroplasts
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What are the main organ of photosynthesis?
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Leaces
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In photosynthesis, what enters and exits though stoma?
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CO2 and O2
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What in the leaf contains chloroplasts?
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mesophyll
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What are the parts of a chloroplast?
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1. 2 membranes that enclose stoma
2. Grana composed of stack thylakoids 3. Thylakoid membrane studded with photosynthetic pogments 4. Thylakoid membrane encloses thylakoid space |
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In a chloroplast structure, what is in a photosystem?
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- Chlorophyll, aggregated with other pigment molecules
- Proteins anchor complex in membrane - Reaction center - Antenna Pigments, that funnel energy to the reaction center |
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Does photosynthesis occur in two stages?
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Yes
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What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
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Light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy and produce ATP and NADPH
Carbon reaction, which reduce CO2 to glucose and takes CO2 from atmosphere |
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What is the reaction center of Photosystem I?
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P700-700nm
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What is the reaction center of Photosystem II?
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P680 -680nm
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What are the two types of photosystems connected by?
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An electron transport chain
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What begins photosynthesis?
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Light reactions
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What does Photosystem II produce?
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ATP, bt light energy being transferred to the reaction center. It boost two electrols from chlorophyll that are passed down the electron transport system. The chlorophyll then replaces electrons.
-Oxygen is the waste product. it's an electron transport chain. Energy drives proton active transport from stoma into thylakoid space. The ATP synthase uses potential energy and ATP is produced. This is called Chemiosmotic phosphorylation |
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What does Photosystem I produce?
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NADPH.
When energy is passed to the reaction center. It's also a second electron transport chain. Electrons are replaced from the first electron transport chain. It reduced NADP+ to NADPH |
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What is the production of carbohydrates from Carbon Reactions also called?
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The Calvin Cycle, which occur in stoma and use NADPH and ATP to reduce CO2.
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What do cells use the energy in food to make?
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ATP
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Can cells survive without ATP?
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No, and they power nearly every activity
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What is produced in photosynthesis that feed autotrophs and other organisms?
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Glucose
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What are the three pathways for cells using energy in food fo make ATP?
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1. Aerobic Respiration
2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Fermentation |
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Describe Aerobic respiration
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Acquires O2, gets rid of CO2.
Plats actually do photosynthesis and Aerobic respiration Breathing! |
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How many processes does cellular respiration have?
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3!
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What are the three main processes of cellular respiration?
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1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron transport chain |
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Why does cellular respiration happen?
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When the carbon-hydrogen bonds of glucose are broken, electrons are transferred to oxygen
Oxygen has a strong tendency to attract electrons Glucose loses its hydrogen atoms and is ultimately converted to CO2 At the same time, O2 gains hydrogen atoms and is converted to H2O Loss of electrons is called oxidation Gain of electrons is called reduction |
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What is necessary to oxidize glucose and other foods?
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Enzymes
The enzyme that removes hydrogen from an organic molecule is called dehydrogenase Dehydrogenase requires a coenzyme called NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to shuttle electrons NAD+ can become reduced when it accepts electrons and oxidized when it gives them up |
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What produces the most ATP in Eukaryotic cells?
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Mitochondria, and Glycolysis always occurs in the cytoplasm.
The location of the other locations depends on the cell's type: Prokaryotes: Cytoplasm and cell membrane Eukaryotes: Mitochondria |
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What contains both DNA and ribosomes?
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Both the mitochondria and chloroplasts
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Why does Glycolysis do?
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Breaks down glucose to Pyruvate, which is 2 3-carbon molecules, in 10 steps that all occur in the cytoplasm. It doesn't require O2, and produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
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What yields much more ATP than Glycolysis alone?
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Aerobic respiration
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Where does pyruvate move after glycolysis?
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the mitochondrial matrix
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What is pyruvate oxidizes into ?
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Acetyl CoA
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What does the Krebs Cycle do?
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Produces ATP anD Electron carriers
- Completes oxidation of each acetyl group - Reduces CO2 - Combines with Oxaloacetate to produce citrate -Subtrate level-phosphorylation - Turns twice per glucode molecule |
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What drives ATP formation?
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The Electron Transport chain, which uses energy from NADH and FADH2
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What contains more calories per gram than any other food molecule?
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Fats
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What occurs in virtually all cells?
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Glycolysis
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What did photosynthesis evolve from?
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Gycolysis
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What explains chloroplasts and mitochondria?
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Endosymbiosis
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