Nvc Anatomy (Noncumulative Final)

Front 1

describe the structure of the nasal cavity: including the structures that form the walls of the cavity, air passage-ways, and nasal septum.

Back 1

1. external nares  nasal cavity
a. cartilagenous septum made of hyaline
b. mucosa = PCCE
c. superior/middle/inferior nasal conchae w/ associated meatuses
d. Bony Septum (Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid bone + Vomer)
e. internal nares

Front 2

list 3 regions of pharynx and ID between regions.

Back 2

2. a) Nasopharynx
i. Soft palate (uvula)
ii. Auditory tube
iii. Pharyngeal Tonsil
b. Oropharynx
i. Palatine Tonsils + Lingual Tonsils
ii. Fauces
c. Laryngopharynx
i. Goes down to cricoid cartilate (leads to esophagus)

Front 3

ID cartilages of larynx. which of these play a primary role in voice production? whats the function of the epiglottis?

Back 3

3. Thyroid + Cricoid + Epliglottis + Arytenoid + Corniculate + Cuneiform = cartilages of larynx.
a. Arytenoid cartilage plays role in voice production
b. Epiglottis covers trachea when swallowing

Front 4

list the divisions of the bronchial tree and describe the general structural features.

Back 4

4. (PCCE) Trachea  carina primary Bronchi Secondary Bronchi  Tertiary Bronchi (10 Bronchopulmonary Segments in each lung)  Bronchioles decrease in cartilage and increase smooth muscle  Terminal bronchioles – smallest non respiratory airways.

Front 5

describe the structures the make up the respiratory membrane in the lungs.

Back 5

5. alveolar epithelium  Epithelial basement membrane  capillary basement membrane  capillary endothelium

Front 6

distinguish amongst the different cells in the alvelous.

Back 6

6. type 1 = Simp. Sq. ET (gas exchange) ; Type II = Make surfactant to reduce surface tension ; alveolar macrophages = phagocytes of dust cells that pick up debris in alveoli

Front 7

what is the primary muscle of inhalation? what are the muscles involved in forced inhalation and forced exhalation?

Back 7

7. primary muscle of inhalation = diaphragm;
a. forced inhalation = scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, external intercostals;
b. forced exhalation = rectus abdominus, external obliques, internal intercostals

Front 8

how are the lungs attached to the thoracic wall? what is the role of the pleural cavities?

Back 8

8. lungs attached to thoracic wall via subatmospheric pressure of intrapleural fluid. Intrapleural fluid is in between parietal pleura and visceral pleura.

Front 9

list the major organs passing through the diaphragm.

Back 9

9. PAVE your way thru the diaphragm. Phrenic nerve, Aorta, Vagus nerve, Esophagus. *note: the vena cava runs BEHIND the diaphragm.

Front 10

describe the general arrangements of peritoneum. Describe the following folds of the peritoneum and ID the organs and structures they are attached to: greater omentum, mesentary, Falciform ligament

Back 10

10. greater omentum extends from greater curvature of stomach and attaches to transverse colon (aka fatty apron).
a. Mesentery connects small intestines to posterior body wall. (Mesocolon connects transverse colon to posterior body wall)
b. Falciform ligament connect the liver to the anterior body wall. It’s the only part of the peritoneum that connects anteriorly.

Front 11

which organs are retroperitoneal? (all others in abdominoal cavity are intraperitoneal.)

Back 11

11. DADPK are the organs that are retroperitoneal. Descending/Ascending Colons, Duodenum, Pancreas, Kidneys (and their ureters).

Front 12

list the four layers of the GI tract. describe the structures of these layers, include the specific tissues comprising each layer.

Back 12

12. 4 layers of GI tract:
i. Mucosa:
1. stratified Squamos ET or Simple Columnar ET
2. Lamina Propria
3. Muscularis mucosae
ii. Submucosa:
1. Areolar or Dense Irregular CT
2. Glands in Duodenum and Esophagus
iii. Muscularis:
1. skeletal or smooth muscle
iv. Serosa/adventia:
1. intraperitoneal has serosa
2. retroperitoneal has adventitia

Front 13

differentiate the organs and regions of the GI tract, esophagus to colon, in terms of structure/function. what are some of the distinguishing anatomical and histological features of each organ and region?

Back 13

13. Similarities and Differences of GI tract Layers
a. Mouth
i. Mucosa: Stratified squamos ET
b. Esophagus
i. Mucosa: Stratified squamos ET
ii. Submucosa: Esophageal glands
iii. Muscularis: Upper 2/3 = Skeletal Muscle; Lower 1/3 = Smooth Muscle
c. Stomach
i. Mucosa: simple columnar (branched tubular glands)
ii. Submucosa:
iii. Muscularis: Oblique, circular, longitudinal
iv. Serosa/adventia:
d. Duodenum
i. Mucosa: simple columnar (villi with microvilli)
ii. Submucosa: Duodenal glands
iii. Muscularis: circular, longitudinal
iv. Serosa/adventia: adventitia
e. Jejunum/Ileum:
i. Mucosa: simple columnar
ii. Submucosa:
iii. Muscularis:
iv. Serosa/adventia:
f. Cecum
g. Vermiform appendix (believed to hold microbes)
h. Ascending/transverse/descending colons
i. Mucosa: simple columnar (simple tubular glands)
ii. Submucosa:
iii. Muscularis:
iv. Serosa/adventia:
i. Sigmoid colon
j. Rectum
k. Anus (stratified squamos ET)

Front 14

describe the structure of the liver and pancreas and explain, in general terms, how their structure relates to their function.

Back 14

14. Liver (right/left/caudate/quadrate lobes), detox, bile (made by hepatocytes) lobule = fxnl unit, sinusoid capillaries, glycogen storage
a. Pancreas: head/body/tail, exocrine acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes, endocrine fxn (insulin + glucagons)

Front 15

what are the components of the portal triad and where is it found?

Back 15

15. portal triad = hepatic portal vein + hepatic artery + bile duct; found on the outer perimeter of a lobule

Front 16

diagram and name the major ducts of the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. show how they are connected and where they deliver their secretory products.

Back 16

16. right + left hepatic ducts = Common Hepatic Duct
a. Common Hepatic Duct + Cystic Duct (from gall bladder) = Common Bile Duct
b. Common Bile Duct + pancreatic Duct (collects digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate from exocrine acinar cells in pancreas) = Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (sphincter of Oddi controls entrance to duodenum)

Front 17

describe the gross anatomy of the kidney. which structures are located in the renal cortex and medulla?

Back 17

17. renal capsule  renal cortex (renal columns)  renal medulla (renal pyramids + papillae). *glomerular capsule of nephron in cortex. *loop of henle in medulla.

Front 18

Diagram the structure of the nephron showing its major components (list flow of ducts and flow of blood vessels)

Back 18

18. Nephron:
a. Duct flow:
i. Glomerular capsule (visceral layer has podocytes)
ii. Proximal convoluted tubule (simp. Cuboidal w/ microvilli)
iii. Descending limb
iv. Loop of Henle
v. Ascending Limb
vi. Distal Convuluted Tubule (wraps back around to Glomerular Capsule to form Juxtaglomerular apparatus)
vii. Collecting Duct  minor calyx  major Calyx  renal pelvis  ureter  urinary bladder  urethra  toilet
b. Blood Flow:
i. Afferent arteriole
ii. Glomerulus (fenestrated capillaries)
iii. Efferent arterioles
iv. Peritubular capillaries
v. Vasa recta

Front 19

describe the spec. structures that make up the filtration membrane in the kidney. what type of capillaries are found in the glomerulus. what is a podocyte?

Back 19

19. filtration membrane of capillaries
a. Glomerular capillaries (fenestrated)
b. Basal lamina
c. Visceral layer of glomerular capsule (podocytes=modified simple sq. ET)

Front 20

ID the spec. tissue types found in the nephron, ureters, and urinary bladder.

Back 20

20. tissue types of urinary system
a. nephron: simple cuboidal
b. ureter: transitional ET,
i. (smooth muscle layers:longitudinal + circular = upper 2/3; longitudinal + circular + longitudinal = lower 1/3)
c. Urinary bladder: Transitional ET, Detrusor Muscle

Front 21

ID and differentiate between the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, and external genitalia of the male and female reproductive systems. Which of these are homologous between the sexes?

Back 21

a. Male
i. Gonads: testes
ii. Ducts: seminiferous tubules  Rete Testis  head of Epididymis  tail of epididymis  vas deferens  meets with seminal vesicles at prostate and is called Ejaculatory Duct  unites with prostatic urethra  goes thru urogenital diaphragm and is called membranous urethra  goes with corpus spongiosum and is called spongy urethra  external urethral orifice (aka peepee hole)
iii. Accessory glands: seminal vesicles + prostate + Bulbourethral glands
iv. External Genitalia: Penis + scrotum
b. Female:
i. Gonads: Ovaries
ii. Ducts: Fallopian Tubes (uterine tubes or oviducts)
iii. External Genitalia: Mons Pubis, Labia majora, Labia Minora, Clittoris
c. Homology
i. Glans Penis = Clittoris
ii. Scrotum = Labia Majora
iii. Spongy Urethra = Labia Minora

Front 22

what structures are in the spermatic cord? where does it exit the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 22

22. Spermatic Cord = Vas Deferens + Cremaster Muscle + AVLN (utilities)
a. Passes thru inguinal canal

Front 23

ID the structures that attach the uterus and ovaries to the body wall.

Back 23

23. Broad Ligament = Draping of peritoneum over uterus and connects it to side body walls.
a. Round Ligament = attaches uterus to anterior body wall thru inguinal canal (attaches to labia majora)
b. Mesovarium = fold of broad ligament that attaches ovaries to side body walls (between fallopian tube and broad ligament)