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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fat Soluble |
Vitamin A, E, D, and K Can accumulate in tissues and are not excreted quickly- Excess can be just as harmful as deficiency Function depends on the presence of other fat-soluble vitamins. |
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Water Soluble Vitamins (List) |
Thiamin Panotheric Acid Ribolfavin Biotin Niacin Vitamin C Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 |
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Water Soluble Vitamin Characteristics |
Susceptible to heat Kidney removes and excretes excess (tox. rare) Water will leach out vitamins Function as co-enzymes Participate in energy metabolism Marginal deficiencies more common |
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Vitamin A sources |
From animals: liver, eggs, milk provide retinoids that are converted to retinol From plants: carrots, leafy greens, orange fruit |
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Vitamin A forms |
Retinol, Retinal, an Retinoic Acid B-Carotene --> potent provitamin A carotenoids- storage and transport |
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B-Carotene |
Converted to vitamin A in the intestinal mucousa |
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Vitamin A storage |
90% is stored in liver as retinyl palmitate - chylomicron transports from intestine to liver From liver to cells ritinol binds to protein RBP |
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Vitamin A Excretion |
Small amount excreted in urine |
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Vitamin A absorption |
-Retinoids-- retinyl esters broken down to free retinol in small intestine -Carotenoids are absorbed intact |
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Vitamin A and Vision |
-retinal conversion of light into nerve impulses -retinoic acid: structural components of the eye Cones (color) Rods (darkness & motion) |
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Rhodopsin |
-Opsin and 11-cis retinal -When light energy is absorbed by rhodopsin- it converts 11-cis retinal into all trans retinal |
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Deficiences of Vitamins A |
-decreased resistance to infections -Children w/ low fruit and veg. intake -Alcoholism (absorption & liver damage) -liver disease - fat malabsorption -Celiac's disease, cystic fibrosis -abnormal skeletal development/maintenance -night blindness |
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Cell Keratinization |
-leading cause of blindness in third world countries |
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Bitot Spots |
Pockets of keratin in the sclera of eye --> reversable |
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Xerophthlamia |
Keratinization of the cornea of the eye |
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Upper Level of Vitamin A |
-300ug of retinol -hypervitaminous results from long term supplement use Fatal dose: 12g |
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Vitamin A Toxicity |
Short Term (100xRDA)- headaches, blurred vision, poor muscle coordination Long Term (permanent damage)- bone and muscle pain, loss of appetite, skin disorders, headache, dry skin, vomiting, hairloss |
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Vitamin D Forms |
-D2-ergocalciferol (plants)
-D3-cholecalciferol (naturally occurring,in skin or ingested, not biologically active) 1a, 25-di(OH) - converted in kidney, biologically active |
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Vitamin D Sources |
-Sunlight and skin exposure -Fortified food -Eggs, Fish Oil |
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Vitamin D RDA |
Birth-50 years: 200 IU (international units) 51-70 years: 400 IU 71+- 600 IU |
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Vitamin D Functions |
-Promotes absorption of calcium from the small intestine -maintains blood levels of calcium and phosphate -Bone formation, mineralization, growth and repair |
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At Risk Populations (Deficiency) |
-breastfed infants -older adults -people with limited sun exposure -darker skin pigments -certain religious groups |
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Vitamin D Effects |
-increased calcium absorption in the gut -decreased renal calcium and phosphorus excretion. -Decreased PTH secretion -Increased bone calcification |
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Vitamin D Toxicity |
-most potentiall toxic vitamin -Increases blood calcium concentrations --> kidney and heart failure |
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Vitamin D Formation |
7-Sehydrocholestrol -->SUN --> Pre Vitamin D3 --> Heat --> Vitamin D3 --> liver--> 2, 5-hydroxy vitamin D3 --> Kidney --> 1a, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 |
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Vitamin E Role |
-antioxidant -absorbed with dietary fats -Incorporated into the chylomicron -incorporated into very low density lipoproteins -Stored in adipose tissue, cell membranes |
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Vitamin E Forms |
-not a single substance but family of fat soluble vitamins Tocopherols: alpha, beta, gamma, delta Tocotrienols: alpha, beta, gamma |
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Vitamin E Sources |
-Asapargus, Avocado, Eggs, Milk, Nuts, Spinach (etc.) -unheated oils , whole grain foods |
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Vitamin E RDA |
15mg alpha-tocopherol per day Tolerable Upper Intake (UL): 100mg |
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Antioxidant Vitamin E |
-stabilizes free radicals or oppose oxidation - |
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Vitamin E Functions |
-protects your skin from UV light - reverses oxidative stress -Protects PUFAs, lipid membranes and LDLs from oxidation -Added to oil based foods and skin products to reduce rancidity and spoilage -Normal nerve and muscle development -Enhances immune system -Promotes vitamin A absorption if low |
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Vitamin E Deficiency |
-Erythrocyte hemolysis leads to anemia -Anemia in premature infants -loss of muscle coordination and reflexes -impaired vision, speech -impaired immunity -Associated with fat malabsorption |
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Vitamin E Toxicity |
May be harmful: nausea, intestinal stress -Interacts with anticoagulants |
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Vitamin K Forms |
Forms: Vitamin K1-plant origin Vitamin K2- normally produced by bacteria in the large intestine |
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Vitamin K Sources |
Leafy green vegetables, veg. oil, cereals, broccoli |
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Vitamin K Recommendations |
Average Intake Men: 120ug/day Average Intake Women: 90ug/day |
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Vitamin K Roles |
-synthesis of blood clotting protein -synthesis of bone proteins that regulate blood calcium - vitamin k deficiencies increase the risk of hemorrhagic disease developing |
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Coagulation |
-transformation of liquid blood into a solid gel -stops blood flow in the damaged area -fibirin is the final protein which produces meshwork to trap RBC and other cells |
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Vitamin K and Role with Clotting |
-Calcium can only bind after gamma carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues in these proteins--- calcium necessary for clotting activation -Vitamin K2 is a co-factor for carboxylation reaction -proteins known as "vitamin K dependent" |
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Vitamin K Defiency |
-caused by malabsorption or liver failure -blood clotting disorders -osteoporosis due to failed carboxylation of osteokalcin and decreased activity of osteoblasts. -under normal circumstances deficiencies are rare Newborns- hemorrhagic disease |
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Vitamin K Toxicity |
-Uncommon, no known toxicities -high doses can decrease effectiveness of anticlotting medications |
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Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Sources |
- Nuts, seeds, brown rice (some seafood), and whole-grain products -Legumes, milk, and beef liver |
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RDA for Thiamin |
1.1mg/day for women 1.2mg/day for men Daily Value on food label is 1.5mg -Low income people and elders may barely meet needs -Surplus is lost in urine, non-toxic, no UL -.5mg per 1,000 calories in daily diet |
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Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Function |
-Co-enzyme for carbohydrates metabolism -Thiamine is converted to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a coenzyme for: - pyruvate dehydrogenase - a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
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Thiamine Deficiency |
-Malnutrtion -Chronic Consumption of Alcohol -Liver Disease -A diet high in raw fish and shellfish -Meals with tea and coffee |
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Thiamine Deficiency: Beriberi |
Wet: a cardiovascular disease Dry: a nervous system disease -Heart failure most common cause of death |
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Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Forms |
Part of co-enzymes: FMN (flavin mononucleotide) FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) -->easily destroyed by UV light |
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Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Sources |
-Milk, cheese, egg white, and liver -Leafy green vegetables -Almonds and soybeans Fortified Foods: baby foods, and cereals |
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Riboflavin RDA |
Men: 1.3mg/day Women: 1.1mg/day |
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Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Role |
Co-enzymes for about 150 oxidation-reduction reactions involved in: Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism Activation of vitamin B12 and folate Protection of erythrocytes from oxidative stress |
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Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Deficiency |
-Not getting enough in diet -Poor absorption in the intestine -An increase in excretion - Exercise/increase metabolic rate |
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Ariboflavinosis |
-Cracked and red lips -Mouth ulcers, angular cheilitis -Dry skin -Bloodshot eyes and light sensitivity |
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Niacin (Vitamin B3) forms
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-heat stable; little cooking loss -NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) - NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) |
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Niacin (Vitamin B3) Sources |
-Enriched grains and ready to eat cereal -beef, chicken, turkey, fish -asparagus, peanuts -tryptophan can be converted into niacin |
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Niacin (B3) RDA |
-14mg/day women -16mg/day men Daily Value is 20mg Upper Level is 35mg |
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Niacin Deficiency |
Pellagra 3Ds -Dimentia -Diarrhea -Dermatitis --> poor appetite, weight loss, weakness - became epidemic when corn became a staple food in southern Europe. |
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Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) |
-essential for CHO, fat and protein metabolism -Formation of sterols -Deficiency rare AI: 5mg/day Daily Value: 10mg Food Sources: mushroom, milk, liver, peanut, eggs |
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Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Function |
-4 compounds, co-enzyme --Needed for metabolism of CHO, Fat & proteins Synthesize neurotransmitters Synthesis of hemoglobin |
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Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Sources |
Food: fish, poultry, enriched cereals, potatoes, milk, fruits and vegetables, small amount of intestinal bacteria -Heat and alkaline sensitive |
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Pyridoxine RDA |
1.3mg/day adults 1.7mg/day men over 50 1.5mg/day for women over 50 Daily Value set at 2mg Athletes may need more |
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Pyridoxine Deficiency |
-poor diet -alcoholism Symptoms: depression, vomiting, skin disorders, and nerve irritation |
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Biotin (B7) Function |
-Metabolism of CHO and Fat -assist the addition of CO2 to other compounds -Synthesis of glucose, fatty acids, DNA |
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Biotin (B7) Sources |
-cauliflower, yolk, liver, peanuts, cheese -Intestinal synthesis of biotin -Biotin content only available for a small number of foods -We excrete more than we consume |
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Biotin (B7) AI |
AI=30ug/day for adults Deficiency rare No upper level |
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Biotin Deficiency |
-Requires large amount -scaly inflamed skin, tongue, and lip changes -poor appetite, nausea, vomiting -anemia -poor growth |
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Folate |
-converts vitamin B12 to co-enzyme form
***supports DNA synthesis and cell replication and growth |
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Folate (RDA) |
RDA: 400 ug/day Toxicity masks B12 deficiency OTC Prenatal supplement contains 800ug Average intake below RDA |
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Folate Deficiency |
-RBC grow, cannot divide -Pregnant women at risk -Alcoholics -Megaloblastic Anemia |
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Vitamin B12 Function |
-Role in folate metabolism -maintenance of myelin sheaths -RBC formation |
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Vitamin B12 Sources |
-intestinal bacteria -animal products -seafood -eggs -milk ** no plant source |
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Vitamin B12 RDA |
RDA: 2.4ug/day B12 deficiency usually occurs due to impaired absorption |
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Pernicious Anemia: B12 |
-type of megaloblastic anemia characterized by decreased number of enlarged blood cells neurological- numbness and tingling in the hands and feet demylination- difficulty in maintaining balance, depression, confusion, dementia, poor memory |
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Vitamin C Forms |
-ascorbic acid -salt form--asorbate |
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Vitamin C Food Sources |
-Citrus fruit, broccoli, strawnerry, spinach -easily lost through cooking -sensitive to heat -sensitive to iron and copper |
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Vitamin C RDA |
-90mg/day for male -75mg/day women Daily Value 60mg/day Upper level: 2g/day |
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Vitamin C functions |
-antioxidant recycles vitamin e -collagen synthesis - stabilizes folate -enhance absorption of iron -proper functioning of the immune system |
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Vitamin C deficiency |
for 3-4 months results in Symptomatic Scurvy: Adults: -liver spots on skin -bleeding from all mucous membranes Severe Scurvy: -Liver damage, dyspnea, and death |
